tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64120576623251970042024-03-19T08:44:36.754+01:00FRACTAL ECONOMICSMy work on the analysis of the fractal. Insights into fractal economics, fractal cosmology, quantum foundations, atmospheric science and more. Towards a theory of knowledge, economics, quantum foundations and cosmology. Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.comBlogger107125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-50705144017262881982024-03-09T08:26:00.003+01:002024-03-09T08:30:31.953+01:00TVNZ cuts and NewsHub's closing evidence of e-Public Goods<p><span style="background-color: white;"> <span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">I predicted this around 15 years ago. Media and other similar, music, arts etc, have become Public Goods through the development of the internet. Check out what a Public Good is, a technical term in economics, non-excludable non-rival: they fail, and are the 'blackhole' of markets. They are what I call e-Public Goods. where the free rider has become the free copy. It gets more serious than this as Public Goods need to be provided by the state.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/newshubs-samantha-hayes-on-tvnz-job-cuts-some-exceptional-journalists-are-facing-the-chop/Q3WS3TNAEBGOTEVMXLYGC6BSQA/?utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=nzh_fb&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR3ZxNWAcdu5ZzXUmpid_NFUYq2_vA475siIHd86xsgAK47Opnfe5wMRQeI#Echobox=1709933731" target="_blank">Newshub’s Samantha Hayes on TVNZ job cuts: ‘Some exceptional journalists are facing the chop’</a><br /></span></span></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-80642029141710281512024-02-19T14:17:00.002+01:002024-02-19T14:17:34.095+01:00The Hairdryer Gap Paradox Dr Roy Spencer Experiment<p> <span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: #131313; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here I present a paradox associated with IR thermograms; they do not show the temperature of the hot air coming out of a hairdryer - hence the gap. I discuss the background physics of the problem and offer a solution to the problem. Nitrogen and Oxygen are not received by the thermoelectric detectors in the camera.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0DlTPEZwqlM" width="320" youtube-src-id="0DlTPEZwqlM"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: #131313; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I have since this clip conducted an experiment running pure CO2 through a hairdryer and it did exactly what I thought and did not heat the dryer. See the images below. The dryer would have shut down if the greenhouse effect were true; that CO2 passed its heat onto N2 and O2. There was no noticeable difference between air and pure CO2. This was a 250,000 per cent in the concentration of CO2. No notable effect. </span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lEPx98aSHiU_xwE_4uSDWdBtyYYsruvhNo5sf4jEDmNgXDMjoJt8f1IlQQyJ47uKGxM7vEVXfyvIWQXzxUm6C8rdSob2Kv2IqWDdShily-3OxXl40xzQdq5YlUPczRFLFc2h86a0eEE8j-563sLo06lTMQllIrxmPx5jCeO903kiWEg_kI5Cib3lOpo/s1037/FLIR%20Blowing%20hot%20CO2%20plum%20from%20Hairdryer%20on%20Blair%20Macdonald%20face211218.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1037" data-original-width="778" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lEPx98aSHiU_xwE_4uSDWdBtyYYsruvhNo5sf4jEDmNgXDMjoJt8f1IlQQyJ47uKGxM7vEVXfyvIWQXzxUm6C8rdSob2Kv2IqWDdShily-3OxXl40xzQdq5YlUPczRFLFc2h86a0eEE8j-563sLo06lTMQllIrxmPx5jCeO903kiWEg_kI5Cib3lOpo/s320/FLIR%20Blowing%20hot%20CO2%20plum%20from%20Hairdryer%20on%20Blair%20Macdonald%20face211218.png" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRIoIVTxco-CYd11mk7iTTPjFG3nKPkJBtjyq-r5mPl_A0BsbJ0oD0jOGlUeI3aoiehFBrbGZveMBCm63g8C7XyjUVT-5qXHgD58CFtGeKOaBmlPJHiokLK6CMPCtWjg9la0lM3TTMsgCRFY8OCdY43V9JENbtI7QV8uVI50wYt6VdHJvfFZHlPqHt5PI/s997/FLIR%20CO2%20Hairdryer%20hot%20plum%20and%20face.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="823" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRIoIVTxco-CYd11mk7iTTPjFG3nKPkJBtjyq-r5mPl_A0BsbJ0oD0jOGlUeI3aoiehFBrbGZveMBCm63g8C7XyjUVT-5qXHgD58CFtGeKOaBmlPJHiokLK6CMPCtWjg9la0lM3TTMsgCRFY8OCdY43V9JENbtI7QV8uVI50wYt6VdHJvfFZHlPqHt5PI/s320/FLIR%20CO2%20Hairdryer%20hot%20plum%20and%20face.png" width="264" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWV3WZZQojBvoeDpp8YdCJYIpmqTQScMtqEG6JFEEIOQjyx58sRzPkMxvzSo8P6yqjoqCwz4dx37o-p06obo0FGSe6qweBz15DFw3OdVDqh4nsVGMe2oekDY1Vae1e_bsVopzgZWEGivMR1HrvxnxktPjYyfGXVTPsgXl_kjN4OXVHPV0P3Lj0uSM2fNE/s1024/FLIR%20CO2%20Hairdryer%20hot%20plum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="929" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWV3WZZQojBvoeDpp8YdCJYIpmqTQScMtqEG6JFEEIOQjyx58sRzPkMxvzSo8P6yqjoqCwz4dx37o-p06obo0FGSe6qweBz15DFw3OdVDqh4nsVGMe2oekDY1Vae1e_bsVopzgZWEGivMR1HrvxnxktPjYyfGXVTPsgXl_kjN4OXVHPV0P3Lj0uSM2fNE/s320/FLIR%20CO2%20Hairdryer%20hot%20plum.png" width="290" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: #131313; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><p></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-50573653879549944632024-01-20T18:26:00.001+01:002024-01-20T18:26:57.338+01:00Response to Sabine Hossenfelder Big Ring Galaxies<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This post is in response to Sabine Hossenfelders clip (below) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxpySkgDxqA" target="_blank">Astrophysicists find Big Ring of Galaxies that Should Not Exist</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QxpySkgDxqA" width="320" youtube-src-id="QxpySkgDxqA"></iframe></div><br /> I wrote the following in the comments. It appears to be shadow banned, sadly. <p></p><p>"<span style="background-color: white; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is, to me, key evidence that the universe is a fractal. I have modelled a (growing) fractal from the perspective of an observer within one. My model produces Hubble (diagram) expansion that is accelerating with time from a point beginning. Points on the fractal recede away just as galaxies are observed by astronomers. The model also predicts these large structures; what I call the boughs of the fractal. The CMB is the trunk. We are in the clustered and super-clustered branches of the fractal shape. Last week my work was published in <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/7011" target="_blank">The International Journal of Quantum Foundations</a> and 8 months ago I published in the same journal on how the fractal shares problems known as the quantum. The astronomical observations and the quantum problems are two aspects of the one, fractal, geometry. I am looking forward to a comment for the journal (apart from the editor) or other similar."</span></p><p><br /></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-54457682077683179992024-01-08T14:24:00.012+01:002024-01-12T15:43:53.474+01:00Second Paper Published Unifying Cosmos and the Quantum with the Fractal<p>I have, in around 9 months, had my second paper accepted by the International Journal of Quantum Foundations; this one on <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/7011" target="_blank">Fractal Cosmology.</a> My first was on the <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/6806" target="_blank">Fractal and Quantum problems</a>. While these are not pair reviewed they are my unique ideas and experiments and they are now crystalised in a journal. </p><p>I wonder what response I will get from these. The two papers go together. It has been around 26 years of thinking and working towards this. I am convinced the fractal is 'the bridge' between the quantum and the cosmos. My work does not point to any insights on gravity, though it may have something to say about 'dark matter'. I will only progress on this if I get encouragement to do so. Time to move on to other things. </p><p><br /></p><p>See my early post on the submission of this paper. <a href="https://www.fractalnomics.com/2023/05/%20Fractal-Cosmology-Unifying-Theory-Submitted.html">Fractal Cosmology Paper Unifying Theory Submitted</a></p><p> </p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-88050438084870115432023-12-09T16:09:00.001+01:002023-12-09T16:09:30.152+01:00Price Inflation and the Fractal Coastline Paradox<p><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"> If you are interested in a further explanation of inflation, that adds to this, it may be found in the fractal; the geometry of chaos and the geometry of our time. I think the geometry of an economy is a fractal and 'inflation' is akin to the fractal coastline paradox.</span></p><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">I can show the 'growth' and 'development' of the fractal directly corresponds to Marginal theory. The fractal demonstrates demand/utility curves and supply/ cost with equilibrium. A market, I think, is a fractal; a complex system built on simple rules that repeat at all scales. I have found that the fractal's growth over time is exponential and can produce a perfect Lorenz curve from the uneven distribution of its parts. The fractals Gini increases with its growth, inextricably - just like the real economy. </span><br /><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">On inflation, if an economy is assumed a fractal 'Inflation' may be akin to the coastline paradox of fractal mathematics. The length of the coastline is fractal and is determined by the length of the measuring stick. For an economy, the measuring stick is the currency value. As we decrease the stick size ( devalue the currency) and coastline grows exponentially and is potentially infinite. Watch this on the coastline paradox <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B6koZU7jCgw" width="320" youtube-src-id="B6koZU7jCgw"></iframe></div><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I_rw-AJqpCM" width="320" youtube-src-id="I_rw-AJqpCM"></iframe></div><br /><div><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_rw-AJqpCM&t=1s</span></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-46722738952605048672023-08-17T11:18:00.000+02:002023-08-17T11:18:38.205+02:00Solving the quantum measurement problem with the fractal <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <a name="_Ref38800820"><span lang="EN-GB">Addressing
‘The Measurement Problem’ by Fractal Landscape</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">s and Reference Points</span></h2><div>In my paper, <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/6806" target="_blank">The Fractal Corresponds with Light and Foundational Quantum Problems</a>, I discuss the measurement problem in quantum physics as being a problem of the fractal also. The issue arises when matter or points of matter are believed to exist in multiple locations simultaneously in the quantum micro world, but this changes when they are observed. This is a significant challenge in quantum physics and one of several topics of the quantum that I address with the fractal.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
The isolated iterating scale-invariant fractal is a prime example of the "measurement problem" in quantum mechanics. Without a reference, it is impossible to determine the position and scale of the bit sizes on the superposition fractal. However, once a reference is made, the position and scale become clear. This issue is directly related to the "observation" and "measurement problem" of quantum mechanics and may suggest the decoherence of the quantum state. When the observation is made on the infinite-sized superposition fractal, the fractal "collapses" with no better words to describe the action.<br />
<p class="MsoNormal">Understanding
the fractal reveals this measurement problem is not a problem of the micro
quantum world vs. the macro reality as claimed, but is an ever-present
problem and property of our reality and a problem prevalent in all sciences. The
problem is to do with the fractal nature of reality; instances where there are
only repeating patterns and no scale, instances termed ‘fractal-landscapes’. In
such places, one only knows position when reference points are given — or when
a measurement is made. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fractal
landscape is a situation where there is only one — same but different — scale-invariant
— fractal — pattern. They are demonstrated in this investigation and are prevalent
almost everywhere, and when one tunes into them. The obvious examples are the
commonly used fractal examples clouds, trees and forests, waves on water, sand dunes, snow and snow drifts. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">To further analyse this property of fractals, craters (on the Moon) are analysed. The following f</span><span lang="EN-US">igure </span><span lang="EN-US">are real images of ‘same but different at all scales’ craters on the (Earth’s) Moon. </span><span lang="EN-US">Figure 1</span><span lang="EN-US"> is of the Apollo 15 landing from 5000ft above the moon.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyOoGDhq0ErybFfBHcge5D7ihVPsx6oxW_4w8MYo6KaylAFN71nWkylIa9lVnEBg2x4FL9noCVJpdrrnVtj1aCkgxNOdYjhw5Y-4VfeAqpmDmLAzsM5yA6lzebGqstjr8QczOY4vl1PG6NRv-OJkvZr5M5JaHmqQ9mOVC63kUfOoDuQS9JcMsOlpH6eMI/s337/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20(3).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="337" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyOoGDhq0ErybFfBHcge5D7ihVPsx6oxW_4w8MYo6KaylAFN71nWkylIa9lVnEBg2x4FL9noCVJpdrrnVtj1aCkgxNOdYjhw5Y-4VfeAqpmDmLAzsM5yA6lzebGqstjr8QczOY4vl1PG6NRv-OJkvZr5M5JaHmqQ9mOVC63kUfOoDuQS9JcMsOlpH6eMI/w427-h350/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20(3).png" width="427" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="CaptionText">Figure 1. The Apollo 15 moon landing from 2000ft looks the same as any height on the flight </span><span class="CaptionText">[1</span></span><span class="CaptionText">]</span><span class="CaptionText">;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CaptionText"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJx4Or2cpvysxBzLa-_FEYRQ-JSESj_e892xQlXUCuWla8r2o__GEHqruXacdGqj5O7mmg1ecpOo3MrOTca7gcE4zBsPNTK65J3-dKLLZfsM_-cEiXP5qWUTzJIpSkzW51uzMUjt7RiisWSrEskom3k8Q988WLwBHn5EAZBS0d3EXHpI_WQknruIwHJ0/s634/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="634" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJx4Or2cpvysxBzLa-_FEYRQ-JSESj_e892xQlXUCuWla8r2o__GEHqruXacdGqj5O7mmg1ecpOo3MrOTca7gcE4zBsPNTK65J3-dKLLZfsM_-cEiXP5qWUTzJIpSkzW51uzMUjt7RiisWSrEskom3k8Q988WLwBHn5EAZBS0d3EXHpI_WQknruIwHJ0/w457-h333/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem.png" width="457" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a name="_Ref32316617">Figure </a>2 Isolated Fractal ‘Crater’ Landscape.<span class="CaptionText"> An arbitrary image of a scale-invariant — no reference points — crater (actually Earth’s Moon, Lambert crater, see below). </span></span></p></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><span lang="EN-US">While from these images it can be deduced we are
looking at craters — they appear as craters — there are many questions that
cannot be answered from this image alone. Without any prior knowledge or
technology, we are unable to discern — at least — size, position, or time. Somebody or something with the expertise
seeing </span><span lang="EN-US">Figure 4</span><span lang="EN-US"> A
may know the geography of the moon and know exactly what it is they are
observing, and with this, know what scale the image is; however, most people
would not, so this will still serve as a good example of a random fractal
landscape. </span>Notwithstanding
if we zoom in we see more of the same, it could be the craters are an exact
scale of 1:1, or they could be — however unlikely — the scale of the largest
structure in the observable universe.
Scale models of the actual largest structures in the universe, galactic
clusters are similar in shape and are described in the same way as their
‘smaller’ counterparts or examples. </p>To truly understand the significance of the crater images, it's important to consider that they may not depict the actual craters on the moon. There's a possibility that they could be a representation created by tossing objects into a fine powder, essentially a model. To confirm their authenticity, it's necessary to cross-check them with a moon atlas and validate that both the image and the craters depicted are genuine.<br />
<p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps the fabric of reality is composed of a patchwork of fractal landscapes. If one were to peel away the individual fractals that make up this tapestry, what would remain is a uniform fractal landscape where quantum dilemmas, such as the measurement problem, would reign supreme. Should one find themselves adrift in a complete fractal landscape without any discernible landmarks, they would be unable to pinpoint their location and would effectively be lost.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc48055975"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Reference
Points — ‘Measurement’</span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal">When a
reference point is added to the fractal landscape image, all these (invariant)
problems of scale disappear. From this point on, the scale is known. We are given
position, at least more of an idea of it, and it is here that I claim this is
what is termed the measurement problem: ‘a measurement’ is made, 'position' is
measured, and is done so by the addition of reference points. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoJiDoGnCInIr7FlTJlAKEOwj-IuYhyeCLAkFT30TCFrk92TMPwZimA3ZQTqk6OcOtHeumAL-gqbaPuHl10vuu3oBnPdWVjaX51b2H4Thn1OCeu50wA9piq_aZ57Z0WaDX61N7nZjnFztNWVRi7Sy0doiZ-8cKRPucEwiWwA8uICZ3Pkfz3eAzTz9iWk/s860/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20Crater%20on%20the%20Moon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="860" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoJiDoGnCInIr7FlTJlAKEOwj-IuYhyeCLAkFT30TCFrk92TMPwZimA3ZQTqk6OcOtHeumAL-gqbaPuHl10vuu3oBnPdWVjaX51b2H4Thn1OCeu50wA9piq_aZ57Z0WaDX61N7nZjnFztNWVRi7Sy0doiZ-8cKRPucEwiWwA8uICZ3Pkfz3eAzTz9iWk/w454-h450/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20Crater%20on%20the%20Moon.png" width="454" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Figure 3 Fractal-landscapes.<span class="CaptionText"> A screenshot from Google Earth of the same crater with altitude, data, and other references.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqX42YrdLzq9NRBm8g1xlULIZWlBKfKeBKmNJhD_NFFScQaVwBfDdpF50ITXYfDxFP_kqAp08-J5cSwTaT8ORY6RoPt1SHVdnEm8nl-8xeK-2GmB32Hr1QLS4DnPY1n6pOPlRfFzM009ncasAwqrWDtcj8vF9nq3Gn2v3kfxq8w5Bcqynp92TWzVeyuc/s5184/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20Naica%20crystal%20caves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqX42YrdLzq9NRBm8g1xlULIZWlBKfKeBKmNJhD_NFFScQaVwBfDdpF50ITXYfDxFP_kqAp08-J5cSwTaT8ORY6RoPt1SHVdnEm8nl-8xeK-2GmB32Hr1QLS4DnPY1n6pOPlRfFzM009ncasAwqrWDtcj8vF9nq3Gn2v3kfxq8w5Bcqynp92TWzVeyuc/w443-h295/Fractal%20Measurement%20Problem%20Naica%20crystal%20caves.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoCaption"><span class="CaptionText">Figure 4. Scale is only discerned in the Naica crystal caves by the
human in the image</span><!--[if supportFields]><span class=CaptionText><span
style='font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
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of the Crystals or Giant Crystal Cave (Spanish: Cueva de los cristales) is a
cave connected to the Naica Mine at a depth of 300 metres (980 ft), in Naica,
Chihuahua, Mexico.\nThe main chamber contains giant selenite crystals (gypsum,
CaSO4 • 2H2O), some of the largest natural crystals ever found. The cave's
largest crystal found to date is 12 m (39 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in
diameter and 55 tons in weight. When it was accessible, the cave was extremely
hot, with air temperatures reaching up to 58 °C (136 °F) with 90 to 99 percent
humidity. The cave is relatively unexplored because of these factors.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Without proper protection, people can only
endure approximately ten minutes of exposure at a time.The cave was discovered
in April 2000 by brothers Juan and Pedro Sanchez while drilling in the mine. As
of October 2015, the mine had reflooded and the cavern filled once more with
the water rich in minerals required for the crystals to grow.\nA group of
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span class="CaptionText">[2]</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=CaptionText><span style='font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span class="CaptionText">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>REF _Ref57024459 \h </span><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Figure 3</span><span lang="EN-US"> is
an image of the same Moon crater as shown in </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>REF _Ref32316617 \h </span><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Figure 2</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000D0000005F00520065006600330032003300310036003600310037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">
only the details — the reference points — are added, and </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>REF _Ref57024459 \h </span><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Figure 4</span><span lang="EN-US"> is an Earth fractal landscape, the Naica Crystal Caves </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
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Chihuahua, Mexico.\nThe main chamber contains giant selenite crystals (gypsum,
CaSO4 • 2H2O), some of the largest natural crystals ever found. The cave's
largest crystal found to date is 12 m (39 ft) in length, 4 m (13 ft) in
diameter and 55 tons in weight. When it was accessible, the cave was extremely
hot, with air temperatures reaching up to 58 °C (136 °F) with 90 to 99 percent
humidity. The cave is relatively unexplored because of these factors.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Without proper protection, people can only
endure approximately ten minutes of exposure at a time.The cave was discovered
in April 2000 by brothers Juan and Pedro Sanchez while drilling in the mine. As
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</span><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">
with a human added to give scale before which the crystals could be of any
size. </span>For the Moon image, the reference points show the following: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"></p><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>1.</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">it
is taken from Google Earth of the Moon of the crater, Lambert. This fact alone
gives a <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>relative time stamp given the technology to provide this of the
period of this paper;</span><br /><span> </span><span> </span>2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>the
altitude is not 1:1, it is taken from 200.36km above the surface making the crater in <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>question relatively large, some 30,000m in diameter;<br /><span> </span><span> </span>3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>the
language system (English) and the number system are a — time — reverence;<br /><span> </span><span> </span>4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>the
compass's north direction, is a NASA reference;<br /><span> </span><span> </span>5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span> and maybe there are more references, the
shadow, the longitude and latitude etc. <br /><!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The NASA
Apollo crews remarked on this problem of scale, and it was for this reason they
needed onboard radar to make a safe landing. Watching the NASA film clip <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->[1]<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> of the Apollo 15 landing from 5000ft
up this problem of invariance is clear to see: we — and the astronauts — cannot
discern height: the image is similar at 5000ft, 2000ft and only differs when
dust is blown from the engines. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The images of Moon craters contain reference points that serve as both observation and measurement tools. By collapsing the non-location issue of the fractal, these reference points reveal scale and position. This process is not a matter of conscious observation, but rather a means of collapsing the fractal landscape. Whether on the Koch snowflake or the Moon craters, reference points serve to collapse the wave evolution of the fractal and provide a fixed position. The Moon crater example illustrates the practical fractal problem that underlies the quantum problem in reality.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc48055978"><span lang="EN-GB">Quantum-Classical Transition</span></a></h3>
<p class="MsoBibliography">The fractal property of a repetitive scale invariant regular pattern can be used to address the quantum-classical transition. While an equation can be created to describe this pattern, the transition itself occurs at the point where a reference point or points reveal the scale and position of the object. In the absence of reference points, classical properties apply throughout the fractal landscape of the quantum state. Thus, the transition is a fractal problem rather than a quantum problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoBibliography">References:</p><p class="MsoBibliography"></p><p class="MsoBibliography">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Flying
Down to Hadley Rille, Apollo 15 Moon Landing, 1971. 2019. Available:
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvKg68DcTZA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvKg68DcTZA</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cave
of the Crystals. Wikipedia. 2020. Available:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_of_the_Crystals&oldid=964154783">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_of_the_Crystals&oldid=964154783</a><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-32242042133959913622023-08-02T12:30:00.003+02:002024-01-20T18:35:58.508+01:00Settling the Climate Debate With Quantum-Based Raman Spectroscopy<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif"; text-transform: capitalize;"> </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 37px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: left; text-transform: capitalize;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; text-transform: none;">I wrote the following for Principia Scientifica upon submitting my paper on Raman spectroscopy for review. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 37px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: left; text-transform: capitalize;"><a href="https://principia-scientific.org/settling-the-climate-woo-with-quantum-based-raman-spectroscopy/" target="_blank">Settling The Climate woo With Quantum-Based Raman Spectroscopy</a></div><p class="uk-article-meta" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 20px 0px;">Published on <time datetime="2019-04-02" pubdate="">April 2, 2019</time></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Written by Blair Macdonald</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-21544 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="332" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/spectrometer.jpg?resize=550%2C332&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/spectrometer.jpg?resize=550%2C332&ssl=1 550w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/spectrometer.jpg?resize=350%2C211&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/spectrometer.jpg?w=631&ssl=1 631w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Premise, premise, conclusion: this is the foundation of deductive reasoning and that of the scientific method. If one of your premises collapses; so too should your theory – and with it sometimes your paradigm.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><span id="more-21538"></span>With greenhouse theory, it seems to me we focus on and argue over its conclusions and its effects, and not enough or at all on its premises.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">By ‘we’ I mean all of science, both sides of the great debate. The proponents of greenhouse theory strongly claim that at its foundations ‘the science is settled’ and need not – based on principles of fundamental physics – be questioned.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Greenhouse theory is underpinned by a special group of trace gases – of which carbon dioxide (CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) is a part – that are together claimed to be the only gases to absorb and emit (longwave) infrared (IR) radiation. This ‘forcing’ property that they all share is claimed to determine climate on all time scales, and presumably weather too – though the weather is not claimed, interestingly, as such.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The problem for me is this group of trace gases leaves the remaining of the dry atmosphere <u>not</u> emitting and absorbing infrared radiation – at any temperature, and this is a catastrophe. This claim contradicts the axioms of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics – the principles atomic theory is built upon – and it is not, and should not be allowed.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">All matter above absolute zero Kelvin – by these axioms – is assumed to radiate infrared photons. What is more, the two gases – nitrogen and oxygen (N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) – both have heat capacities – a measure of the ability of a substance to gain heat energy – so they do gain and transfer heat energy, but how if they don’t radiate?</p><div class="code-block code-block-1" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 8px 0px;"></div><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">It can’t be by thermal conduction as both are extremely poor thermal conductors, as are all the atmospheric gases, with values close to zero – 0.024 (W.m<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span>.K<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span>). That leaves only convection – but it relies to some extent on the other transfers. There must be more to it?</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">If we think we have a problem with making sense of quantum mechanics and similarly the behaviour of the Universe (we do) ; well, it appears we should also have a problem with the atmosphere too – and we should be asking questions. Talk about ‘spooky action’!</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This premise puts these two molecules in the same realms of cosmology’s ‘dark energy’ and ‘dark matter’ where they too are equally assumed not to – paradoxically – interact with light. Something must be wrong? Something must give? But, if something is to give; is it going to be quantum mechanics? No. So, that leaves only our understanding of the radiating atmosphere.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">As a consequence of this misconceived premise, I think climate science has been led down a road of exploitation and extrapolation to such an extent it now resembles, to use an example, ‘woo’ or pseudo-science quantum mechanics – which is parasitic and bears no comparison to its classical textbook interpretation.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">As a response to the current ensuing debate over its effects, I have done the unthinkable: over the last five years or more I have looked into these foundations – the first principles of elementary physics and chemistry – and into what makes these greenhouse gases so special.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">From what I have found I have concluded the physics used is contradictory and incomplete: what we think we know – in light of quantum physics – is outdated and all wrong.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">In this article, I would like to share my findings with you. It was a massive exercise for me; piecing together understood and practical physics – what is all out there in the public domain – towards a coherent understanding, a new theory of the atmosphere.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><img alt="Raman Spectroscopy | Science Facts" class="jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" decoding="async" loading="eager" src="https://proxy.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}3A{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2F{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2Fsciencefacts.net{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2Fwp-content{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2Fuploads{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2F2015{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2F11{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}2FRaman-Spectroscopy-Diagram.jpg&f=1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">I recently posted my findings in two working papers; the first I titled – deliberately, to provoke the necessary attention I think this issue demands: ‘<a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328927828_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Raman_Spectroscopy_Refute_Greenhouse_Theory" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; color: #df0000; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em style="color: #9c3302;">Quantum Mechanics and Raman Spectroscopy Refutes Greenhouse Theory</em>’</a>; and the second <em style="color: #9c3302;"><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329311153_The_Greenhouse_Gases_and_Infrared_Radiation_Misconceived_by_Thermoelectric_Transducers" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; color: #df0000; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Greenhouse Gases and Infrared Radiation Misconceived by Thermoelectric Transducers</a>.</em></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">In them, I have posited and concluded greenhouse theory – along with it radiation theory – by modern laser-based instruments appears to be incomplete and is wrong. And I offered a solution.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Let me start with quantum mechanics. When I used this term in my title, I want to make it clear, I implied no – to use the term again – ‘woo’ quantum mechanics; where we all hold hands and observe each other and the world’s a better place for it.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">No, to the contrary; this is the real, not weird, the ‘shut up and calculate’ quantum mechanics – the solid one. The one that is said to have changed our world by telling us what we are made of.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">You see, not only does all matter radiate, but it does so only at specific immutable positions throughout the electromagnetic spectrum – termed emission spectra. It is quantum mechanics that explains these atomic and molecular emission spectra, and it is quantum mechanics – at least in part by the Schrödinger equation no less – that predicts and measures the respective positions of these spectra, and in so doing answering that question of what we and the universe are made of.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">As greenhouse theory is taught today N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </span>are dismissed as IR absorbers, so my first question was: do ‘the 99{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}’ not have IR spectra? The answer I found set me on my path of investigation. Yes, they do.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">I discovered N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> do each have spectra at wavenumbers (positions within the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum that correspond frequency) of 2338 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> and 1556 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> respectively – as shown in the table below along with the other gases of the atmosphere. Get to know these numbers; tattoo them, they are real and they will come up throughout this article.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-21539 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="359" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/table.jpg?resize=550%2C359&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/table.jpg?resize=550%2C359&ssl=1 550w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/table.jpg?resize=350%2C228&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/table.jpg?w=576&ssl=1 576w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This table may look confusing at first, but it is a basic taxonomy of the infrared spectra of the atmosphere – give or take a few, and it reveals patterns of causality. Argon is absent from the table as it does not – interesting for me – have predicted spectra that I could find, and it appears to be neither IR nor Raman-active. Equally, it is not considered to be greenhouse gas either.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Spoiler alert! When you see the term Raman here it pertains to a method of detection of these spectra and the significance of them is the topic of this article and all will be revealed in good time.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">When expert chemists – away from the topic of greenhouse theory – talk and write on this topic of IR and Raman spectroscopy – the study of (infrared) light and how it interacts with matter – they (correctly) claim all of the predicted infrared emission spectra, whatever the type, ‘are effectively <u>the same’</u>.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">In terms of vibrational quantum mechanics, they all – whether by ‘Raman’ or ‘IR’ instruments – emit and absorb, and these instruments are complementary; they work together to build our picture of the infrared.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">If this is right, then there can be no ‘special’ absorbing greenhouse gases; but, by greenhouse theory, the greenhouse gases are directly claimed to be determined by their special unique spectra type alone – and that is what makes them different.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The Raman spectra are totally discriminated against and dismissed; ‘they do not absorb’ – that is that. So, what has gone wrong here? Why the discrimination and extrapolation thereof?</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To answer this, in my second paper I hypothesised it is our definition of greenhouse gases that is wrong. The detail of the – just mentioned – ‘special unique spectra type’ of greenhouse gases is that these spectra have <u>electric dipole</u> moments. I argued the converse, and that this is where we are wrong; that we detect these gases because they have an electric dipole moment.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">It is not the gases that are special; it is the instruments we detect them with – by their dipole moment – that are special. With ‘helio’ and ‘geocentric universe’ in mind; this is a totally opposite perspective. It wouldn’t be the first time someone has done that – it is the stuff of science.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To go further with this, we need to look at the spectra types and how they are determined and measured in detail. One only needs to look at the spectra – in the table – and their respective vibration types to see why there is a pattern pointing to my explanation of the demarcation between the so-called ‘IR spectra’ and so-called ‘Raman’ spectra.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">There are two basic vibrational ‘mode’ types (as shown): a group of asymmetric types and a single symmetric type. The asymmetric types include the ‘wag’, ‘bend’ and so on and all share – here we go – <u>electric</u> dipole moments from their vibrations.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The symmetric type does not share this electric dipole; and for – at least – greenhouse theory, this is how it is explained they do not absorb and emit IR photons. So it is right there where Raman-active modes are struck out.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">By an interesting coincidence – this is my point, I don’t think it is a coincidence – the asymmetric ‘<u>electric</u> dipole’ types are the only types that are detected or inferred by thermo-<u>electric</u> transducers – so-called IR detectors. Hence, I think the detectors are special.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">These transducers convert IR radiation into <u>electricity</u> or an electro-motive force (emf) directly via the Seebeek Effect or its derivatives of it. The transducers come in many different types themselves, but they all give the same discriminatory readout – they do not measure the symmetric (Raman) modes.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-21543 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="382" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/tyndall.jpg?resize=550%2C382&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/tyndall.jpg?resize=550%2C382&ssl=1 550w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/tyndall.jpg?resize=350%2C243&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/tyndall.jpg?w=675&ssl=1 675w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Importantly, to greenhouse theory all of the transducers are of a lineage or kin that can be traced back to the earliest 19th-century type, the thermopile; the type used by John Tyndall in 1859 to first derive the special greenhouse gases. And yes, they are the technology behind thermal imaging cameras – the instrument that produces thermograms and our general visual understanding of the infrared.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">I see these IR transducers (I call them that) like radio wave receivers – which are also transducers – only they receive infrared waves or signals and not radio waves from an object or its molecule. It should be obvious now that not all spectra transmit a signal that can be received – and if they do, they are sometimes weak. I could talk about emissivity here; but I won’t – maybe later.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Building on this discovery; in my second paper, I have claimed IR spectrometers infer – correctly so – the spectra with thermoelectric (electric-dipole) properties. From this, I further claimed – deduced from the table – that Tyndall really only discovered the thermoelectric gases and not the special greenhouse gases he thought and we still think they are.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Looking at the history of spectroscopy also supports my case. The IR spectra get their dominant name – that covers all infrared spectra – I think because, for a long time, there was only one technology to measure IR spectra – it was thermopiles and the like – so since they were the first to measure ‘IR’ radiation, and there was no other instrument or knowledge at the time, they get the name.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The other (Raman) spectra were there – predicted, but there was no technology to measure them. This evolution in technology and the thermoelectric paradigm (my words) has direct implications for our current understanding of what are greenhouse gases and greenhouse theory.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">In light of the advent of Raman laser technology, they should be termed thermoelectric (or TE) spectra; and its field of spectroscopy, thermoelectric spectroscopy. Tyndall in the mid-19th Century did not have the laser instrument I will next talk about or even the quantum knowledge to know he needed one.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Atoms, the work of Planck, and the ‘birth’ quantum mechanics – it itself owing its origin to the thermoelectric thermopile derived blackbody spectrum – was all yet to come.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Had he had this new (Raman) spectrometer and used it in conjunction with his instrument, he would have concluded differently, and we would not have the discrepancy and debate we currently have. This sounds like a conclusion, but it is not – I am only getting started. It is now time – finally – for me to introduce and talk about the Raman Spectrometer – the title of this article.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To detect the symmetric spectra types we need to turn to the modern Raman Spectrometer and<em style="color: #9c3302;"> Raman Spectroscopy</em> – the other term I used on my first paper and hence the term Raman. Get to know it; it will change things.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This instrument can ‘see’ or measure by inference the spectra ‘IR spectrometers’ cannot – hence the name ‘Raman-active’ spectra. The ‘<em style="color: #9c3302;">Raman</em>’ pertains to the Raman Spectrometer – a modern laser-based instrument that exploits the Raman (scattering) effect to detect these special spectra. Raman is said to be part of the quantum revolution – it was known early on that it had the potential to identify spectra in support of this new field.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">From the Raman scattering signal the instrument retrieves from the gas samples it can also determine the <u>concentrations</u> of all the gases together (see the Venusian atmosphere figure below), and it can also tell us – inextricably, again by quantum mechanics – the <u>temperature </u>of the gases to a high degree of accuracy. They say don’t mess with quantum mechanics; they are right.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">By Raman spectroscopy, we have temperature measurements of a molecule, and thus – by Planck’s radiation Law – we have radiation, and we have their spectra positions – both emission and absorption; this all from molecules (or spectra) that are claimed by greenhouse theory not to be able to do just that.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The Raman-active spectra are the sole constituents of the non-greenhouse gases – and this includes helium. If they weren’t and had an asymmetric spectra instead – or too, they too would – following my ‘emf’ argument – be greenhouse gases. CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </span>for instance has a Raman spectra at 1338 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> and its temperature, from that spectra, can be measured by Raman; correlating with its other two ‘IR’ spectra measurements.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Further to this, some spectra can show themselves by both ‘IR’ and Raman instruments – denoted in purple colour in the table and figure below. For instance, both can measure all of H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O’s spectra – a greenhouse gas in its vapour phase – particularly its 3652 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> spectra. The measurement of this spectra line is so perfect both ‘IR’ and Raman can exquisitely measure the temperature from either instrument independently – this fact I will return to as supporting evidence to one of my claims later. They are, as I and others have claimed, ‘equivalent’.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Aside from what I am revealing this instrument can do, ‘Raman’ is known as one the most exciting instruments of our time and this is clear from the rise of Youtube scientific demonstrations of it. They are the stuff of CSI – crime scene investigation – as they reveal what something is; and they are used in numerous places including gas leakage monitoring and aviation ‘Clear Air Turbulence’ (CAT) detection I have reference to one directly able to measure CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> concentrations from a motorway one kilometre away.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To physicists and chemists Raman Spectroscopy is a well-known complement instrument to IR spectroscopy. incert clip</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">I argue it is not only a complement to IR spectroscopy, but it is also its near substitute. Just look at the (NASA) Raman spectra measurements of the Venusian atmosphere: it shows all the gases are there with their respective concentrations.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-21540 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="396" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raman.jpg?resize=550%2C396&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raman.jpg?resize=550%2C396&ssl=1 550w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raman.jpg?resize=350%2C252&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raman.jpg?w=798&ssl=1 798w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">If Raman (IR) spectroscopy is good enough for planet Venus, it should be good enough for planet Earth? And it is. I have papers confirming Raman is capable of measuring the Earth’s greenhouse gas concentration – the <u>Keeling curve</u>; and it may well be doing so in the near future, if not so already.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">If this is so, then it should be known; that it is doing so using laws of physics that contradict the theory and the very reason we are measuring the concentrations.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">One of the rebuttals I received during the research of my paper – these rebuttals helped me no end to develop my work – pointed to my use of the term Raman. When they – PhDs and Professors – saw I used the word Raman, they – relentlessly in an act of ‘red herring’ – dismissed my discoveries and attempted to educate me on how the atmosphere is not heated by the Raman (scattering) effect – something I did not claim.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">It was argued: ‘I was confusing Raman Spectroscopy with the Raman effect and it has no part to play in greenhouse theory’. I addressed this as a fallacy and responded:</p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 5px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22px; margin: 20px 0px; padding-left: 15px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px;">‘this spectrometer shines a laser of arbitrary colour through the atmosphere and exploits the Raman effect to infer the quantum predicted spectra lines of the sample gas – or any other matter’.</p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Another important rebuttal I received and addressed was couched: while N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> do radiate at the said spectra lines – I was granted this, but only after I first revealed it (‘moving the goal-posts) – they do so only by a very small factor as their spectra positions lie outside and between the maximum positions on curves (curves ‘b and b’ in the following figure).</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">They are said to therefore not absorb – fully – as their output is effectively modulated (my words) by the Sun’s and Earth’s Blackbody Spectrum.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZs2zY7jZ0x75M6QmQCutzbUMghzXdPDgLG9UJO3KFixW5uWCYqUvTPZhenhTHsWCEd2uBkVgOWoY82GJMmFvX1kkCfBdkJ1Q5VyvTEwItlZ9H9E7JGiUB-sA2CD2Qle8KNMUmgMMcugLfLFEWZcr2NyRVH1u7rCeads6ia1uUzaE6khFaU9dd445mKb0/s3640/Earth%20Sun%20Solar%20Raman%20Spectra%20and%20Emission%20Blackbody%20%20GHGs%20N2%20O2%20CO2%20H20%20Time%20Series%20C%202307.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1379" data-original-width="3640" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZs2zY7jZ0x75M6QmQCutzbUMghzXdPDgLG9UJO3KFixW5uWCYqUvTPZhenhTHsWCEd2uBkVgOWoY82GJMmFvX1kkCfBdkJ1Q5VyvTEwItlZ9H9E7JGiUB-sA2CD2Qle8KNMUmgMMcugLfLFEWZcr2NyRVH1u7rCeads6ia1uUzaE6khFaU9dd445mKb0/w628-h237/Earth%20Sun%20Solar%20Raman%20Spectra%20and%20Emission%20Blackbody%20%20GHGs%20N2%20O2%20CO2%20H20%20Time%20Series%20C%202307.svg.png" width="628" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">This rebuttal set me back for a time until I researched and discovered these Blackbody curves are – also and again – a direct derivation of thermoelectric thermopiles and their kin; the same transducers that derived and still derive the greenhouse gases.</span></div><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To refute this rebuttal I used what I had discovered (covered earlier) about H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O’s 3652 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> spectra. This spectra is also ‘outside and between’ these Blackbody curves, yet its <u>temperature</u> is measured equally by both Raman and IR spectrometers.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">As this Raman-measured temperature of H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O does not appear to be modulated or trivial, I argued that as this and all of the other Raman-active spectra of H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O, N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>, O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>, CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and others including methane, (shown in the figure above) that lay within the claimed unattainable gap between the two blackbody curves have real and valid ‘Raman’ measured temperatures the greenhouse theory interpretation of their importance is misconceived.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">These said spectra do radiate – and I argue – with temperatures measured by Raman spectrometers consistent with and corresponding to – or approximating – the Stephan-Boltzmann Law – line ‘a-a’ in the figure. From this, I claimed the so-called Blackbody curves really only depict the emf produced by a thermoelectric detector at each frequency at the corresponding temperature of the sample object – in this case, the Sun and the Earth.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">If this were not enough, I wanted to further secure my hypothesis that N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> and O<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> do radiate infrared photons. To do this I needed to find an independent practical application where either of them is known to absorb heat energy by radiation at their predicted and now observed spectra. And I found one, the N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>-CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> laser.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Here, in a totally different context, the molecules of the atmosphere are doing what they are said not to do – radiate – and all in compliance with quantum mechanics, nothing less.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">The N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>-CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> laser – by quantum design – depends on N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>’s one (2338 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span>)<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>quantum predicted spectra to absorb ‘radiated’ electrons in a cathode tube during electrical discharge; the theory describing it is quantum mechanics. I later found out the laser also operates by the <u>radiation of photons</u>. If N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> did not absorb here; we would not have CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> lasers, and no CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> lasers mean no face surgery – that’s the fact.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">What is more supportive from this CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> laser application is that the ‘radiated’/heated N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> at spectra 2338 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> is said to be metastable – long-lasting – and it is this absorbed energy that is passed on to CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>’s – close – 2349 cm<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-1</span> (‘IR’) absorption spectra – and hence its technical name, the ‘N<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>-CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> laser’.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This exchange of energy between the two molecules is so beautiful, I argue that the same mechanism is at work in the atmosphere; where the Sun directly heats by IR photons ‘and this energy is passed on down – in a non-trivial process – to the remaining trivial trace gases, including – by the looks – the constituent CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This is by far a more logical and intuitive process than the current dogma and it settles the paradoxes I opened this article with.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">From what I have found the premise that there are a special set of gases that drive climate does not hold at the fundamentals, and every claim based on it thereafter collapses. ‘In light’ of my discoveries, I am calling for a review of greenhouse theory, and I also think all the radiation physics where IR spectroscopy by thermo-electric detectors was used to determine knowledge should be open to review.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">This includes – issues I have focused on in my <a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329311153_The_Greenhouse_Gases_and_Infrared_Radiation_Misconceived_by_Thermoelectric_Transducers" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; color: #df0000; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">second paper</a> – blackbody radiation, blackbody radiation curves, emissivity and radiation equations. Yes, I can address – without waving my arms – emissivity: it is a correction factor, from measured to real, to do with thermo-electric transducers.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">So where have we gone wrong?</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">To me, we are either not being honest to ourselves with what the physics theory and these modern instruments are telling us – because, as I have said, they are both well-known and understood by science – or, it is that we are aware of them, but haven’t yet given them any thought <u>or dared</u> to put them together with greenhouse theory, and say something.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Well, I’ve now dared. Also, as I said earlier, I think the order of invention of the spectrometers has not helped us distinguish what are eccentrically the same vibrational quantum spectra. If Raman spectrometers were invented first, in the early 19<span style="font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> century, we would not be having the ‘greenhouse issue’ as there would be no special gases talk of.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">Put another way (with respect to greenhouse theory and not spectroscopy in the IR); if Raman spectroscopy was all there was today to measure the atmosphere, and IR spectrometers were new technology, I think level-heads would prevail and dismiss such claims as inferior and trivial.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px;">I imply no conspiracy upon Scientist’s inaction in this area from my findings; I just think it is simply a matter of no thought or no daring. I think it is now time we all take a good look at the premises and be honest ourselves as to what the science is telling us and end – what appears now to be, to use the term – the climate woo.</p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-64421329613646428622023-07-30T11:18:00.003+02:002023-08-03T10:46:17.388+02:00Dark matter may be explained by fractal geometry<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></span></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lately, I have been pondering about galaxies, their rotation speed, the concept of 'dark matter' associated with them, and the fractal. I knew I would revisit this topic when I got the chance. After examining my fractal cosmology model for several days and studying recent research papers on dark matter and black holes, I now believe that my model can clarify why stars orbit around the galaxy faster as they move further away from the centre, which is known as 'dark matter.' </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I can deduce that the speed of rotation and the size of the galaxy are directly linked to the size of the black hole, and they become massive as they move further out into the universe. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">My model suggests acceleration with distance, and it forms a spiral. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In addition, recent observations suggest that the universe may be spiralling, which aligns with my model's prediction. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Furthermore, black holes are referred to as a 'singularity,' which is similar to the universe's supposed 'big bang' origin, and my model directly addresses this. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For more information, please refer to my earlier posts that include links to my research. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.fractalnomics.com/2023/05/%20Fractal-Cosmology-Unifying-Theory-Submitted.html" target="_blank">I have submitted a Fractal Cosmology Paper Unifying Theory.</a></span></div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-63475839519689533372023-05-18T10:42:00.028+02:002023-08-03T10:50:23.253+02:00 Fractal Cosmology Paper Unifying Theory Submitted<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"Dear Dr Macdonald, We have received your article "In Situ Experiment on a Fractal Corresponds with Cosmological Observations and Conjectures". We will consider it for possible publication in <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/6806" target="_blank">International Journal of Quantum Foundations</a>.</span><a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/6806" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; pointer-events: none; white-space-collapse: preserve;" target="_blank">https://ijqf.org/archives/6806</a></p><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Thank you for submitting your work to this journal."</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Last night I submitted my second paper on the same (fractal) geometry to the same journal. (Again, I do not hold a PhD). (giggle)</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">In <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>this paper, I wrote up a model/experiment showing what you would expect to see if you were in a growing fractal and show this view corresponds (exactly! give or take the effects of gravity) with cosmological observations. It is as if we are in the branches of a large tree (images b and c), surrounded by branches and looking down and out to the bigger branches, the boughs, and then the trunk - that was once the seedling. Trees are a perfect example of a fractal (which incidentally all grow exponentially with age). </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Now, there is a controversy with this claim: a 'fractal universe' has already been ruled out by current science. Current thinking grants the universe is fractal, but only near us. My model shows everything about the universe is fractal including its Hubble and accelerated expansion and the observed distribution of galaxies. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Current thinking assumes the 'cosmological principle' holds, that the universe is the same everywhere, no matter where you are in it, but it is, by image 'a' not. Image 'a' is 'the map of the universe'. Every dot on that image is a real measured galaxy. Do you agree, it is not the same everywhere. Current science thinks that the outer smoothness matches the cosmological principle. Well, I think they are wrong.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The blue dots (and the blue ring) are old galaxies and consist of large quasar group (LQGs) structures, the largest structures known, and they correspond, I think, with the boughs (as shown in b and c). The cosmic microwave background (CMB), the outer limit, is 'the trunk'. </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmYe8VvPBO2GXxAeBr0rvegvkYPBRbahXgrefAPOvZWzGPt66f4QFxyB0yHPaYOVjXOyYi0AWh2cjfTiN2j4PyWeaotE0Zc5XJLQMWEzwLmimMpJ5EA-riK6eAP8CQ08HispBqfvVgreBNGl9BLhM6ZhMmTvB3rkg9vtEsLgKxrxLrFLPGwwKueRe153g/s848/Fractal%20cosmology%20DESI%20Dark%20energy%20Model.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="848" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmYe8VvPBO2GXxAeBr0rvegvkYPBRbahXgrefAPOvZWzGPt66f4QFxyB0yHPaYOVjXOyYi0AWh2cjfTiN2j4PyWeaotE0Zc5XJLQMWEzwLmimMpJ5EA-riK6eAP8CQ08HispBqfvVgreBNGl9BLhM6ZhMmTvB3rkg9vtEsLgKxrxLrFLPGwwKueRe153g/w515-h381/Fractal%20cosmology%20DESI%20Dark%20energy%20Model.jpg" width="515" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">Unifying Theory</h2><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The interesting thing is this paper is complementary to my earlier paper where I show the fractal corresponds with the quantum problem and light, .... only the biggest problems to science! </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Anyway, we'll see. I don't know if they will accept this one, it may be too controversial, but it is already in an online repository and is referenced in my 'quantum' paper.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Now, onto other things...</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-76828446862505113302023-05-03T21:21:00.004+02:002023-05-03T21:36:28.902+02:00Fractal Foundational Quantum Theory Published<p> Hello everyone. </p><p>I have been away from my blog for the last year waiting for the decision on my submission to the International Journal of Quantum Foundations. </p><p>I can now announce my work has been published in the journals speculations supplement. </p><p>I am very pleased, it took a lot of work and thought. </p><p>I have had no reply to date. </p><p>We'll see. </p><p>You can read it at the following. </p><p> <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/6806" target="_blank">The Fractal Corresponds with Light and Foundational Quantum Problems</a></p><p>Abstract: </p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 16px;">After nearly one hundred years after its origins, foundational quantum mechanics remains one of the greatest unexplained mysteries in physicists today. Within this time, chaos theory and its geometry— the fractal—has developed. In this paper, the propagation behaviour of a simple iterating fractal—the Koch Snowflake—was described, analysed and discussed. From an arbitrary observation point within the fractal set the fractal propagates forward by oscillation, and retrospectively— viewing behind—it grows exponentially from a point beginning. The fractal propagates a potentially infinite exponential sinusoidal wave of discrete triangle bits sharing many characteristics of light and quantum entities. The fractal’s wave speed is potentially constant; offering insights into the perception and a direction of time where, to an observer when travelling at the frontier of propagation, change, and thus time, may slow to a stop. In isolation, the infinite fractal is a superposition of component bits where position and scale present a problem of location. In reality, it was discussed, this problem is experienced within isolated ‘fractal landscapes’ where position is only known by the addition of information or markers. The quantum ‘measurement problem’, ‘uncertainty principle’, ‘entanglement’ and the quantum-classical interface are addressed; these are a problem of scale-invariance associated with isolated fractality. Dual forward and retrospective perspectives of the fractal model offer the opportunity for unification between quantum mechanics and cosmological mathematics, observations, and conjectures. Quantum and cosmological problems may be different aspects of the one—fractal—geometry.</span></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-69956143674512188502022-04-01T15:16:00.000+02:002024-01-19T09:42:55.808+01:00Non GHG CO2 behaves as Non GHG gas N2 and H2 in Nuclear CoolingBlair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-65721630825556178852022-02-07T20:26:00.039+01:002024-01-19T09:42:25.582+01:00Will Happer should include Raman measurements<p><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">I think Professor <a href="https://holoceneclimate.com/interview-with-william-happer.html?fbclid=IwAR0msIw9efIeg4W2vdRGeNpwJRogm5nHDEi2FY0YugM_cFI5EdmH3817Vgw" target="_blank">Happer has it absolutely wrong</a>, sadly. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg69_4ODOIi0s9eULAXUr3Wc1hCxoMEzmCwCZ7aFmXjEUUK7v0whYI6eacD-xM7QBuK6sUPFlEoKdoPdbeysr-mxymeF0Hj7-kqQIvanFYiXwf5Q0hm6JhYw2-3W8uJ-FkTX7PwXPJ03SFIo6jTR2WWWVD248OkwKhxLGk413M8wa55SUiyjla-G2Vy=s737" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="737" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg69_4ODOIi0s9eULAXUr3Wc1hCxoMEzmCwCZ7aFmXjEUUK7v0whYI6eacD-xM7QBuK6sUPFlEoKdoPdbeysr-mxymeF0Hj7-kqQIvanFYiXwf5Q0hm6JhYw2-3W8uJ-FkTX7PwXPJ03SFIo6jTR2WWWVD248OkwKhxLGk413M8wa55SUiyjla-G2Vy=w591-h392" width="591" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">This curve was made redundant by quantum mechanics. In the 1920s more spectral modes of molecules were discovered/ identified by Raman scattering experiments by Rasetti and others. The two CO2 modes at 1288 and 1338 cm-1 shown here are both Raman only, as are the H2O and the N2O near to them. Raman Lidars can measure the temperature from these modes, of all of the gases. The last CO2 mode on the right at 2349cm-1 is right by N2's single 2338cm-1 mode. From this mode, the temperature of the atmosphere is measured by Lidars, and by the N2-CO2 laser, it is radiated by infrared photons (or electron discharge). I have written to Happer and he dismisses the/my Raman measurements, sadly.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> </span><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtnBWdvyP_2nMCEG3Ca4M5YXiSZzxigpoRCgXnwZ6b0C1m42c486i5QhePx0tZifHRYed7nMPgl4vKzeENg4LVUeHyloekHXzgSGyexDfoLeyCxsS65W36dgxzr2q0Yhld0Beu2WyTQlXZAF04UC_W6WVQTQLFVudSR4wEy7w1Hbtt1AR92JPB1s2zvG8/s1961/Happer%20Transmission%20Raman%202308.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="1961" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtnBWdvyP_2nMCEG3Ca4M5YXiSZzxigpoRCgXnwZ6b0C1m42c486i5QhePx0tZifHRYed7nMPgl4vKzeENg4LVUeHyloekHXzgSGyexDfoLeyCxsS65W36dgxzr2q0Yhld0Beu2WyTQlXZAF04UC_W6WVQTQLFVudSR4wEy7w1Hbtt1AR92JPB1s2zvG8/w624-h315/Happer%20Transmission%20Raman%202308.png" width="624" /></a></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><b><span style="color: #050505;">Raman spectrometers measure in reference to the blackbody radiation ground surface temperature Max value (thin black line). </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Blue modes are Raman active modes</span><span style="color: #050505;">, and</span><span style="color: #04ff00;"> green lines are both IR (thermo transductive) and Raman active modes</span><span style="color: #050505;">.</span></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Raman CARS Lidar spectrometers measure the temperature of the gases and these temperatures correspond to the ambient temperature at respective altitudes and locations. Along with this, via the equipartition principle, the energy of each mode of a molecule must be equal. CO2's four modes must be equal. The horizontal black line unifies the Raman with the transducer inferred temperature. All gases are the same temperature as the (Wien's) max temperature. Raman makes the blackbody curve redundant. </span><p></p><p><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><span style="background-color: white;">I put this diagram together to show the Raman Lidar reading. Raman can measure the temperature of N2 CO2 H2O and others from surface to high altitudes. In my diagram, I show what Raman spectrometers measure in reference to the blackbody radiation ground surface temperature Max value. Blue modes are Raman active modes, and green is both IR and Raman active modes.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></p></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-2423057266976207522022-01-31T10:10:00.022+01:002024-01-19T09:42:22.867+01:00The Dunn Raman Spectroscopy Climate Debate Fallacy <h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Dunn Fallacy</h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><div></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">A persistent fallacy has developed from a group of thinkers as part of a rebuttal to my work, mostly from physicist Michael Dunn, whom I have communicated with extensively on this issue and to whom I give name credit on his claim. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">This is a strawman fallacy. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qMzY_-ZZJaA" width="320" youtube-src-id="qMzY_-ZZJaA"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Dunn and others respond to my work (words to the effect): "Blair, there is no Raman effect in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect". This is something I have never claimed and never thought of claiming because it is just not true. No one has ever suggested this. Dunn <a href="https://rclutz.com/2020/01/12/raman-effect-not-a-climate-factor/" target="_blank">and others</a> have brought this claim into existence in some kind of red herring fallacy, or maybe a special pleading fallacy. Dunn and others are maintaining, saving the status quo, that only the IR-active spectra emit and absorb IR heat radiation and the Raman active modes do not. <br />I am proposing to radiate pure N2 with infrared heat and measure the temperature change (or not) with the Raman CARS spectrometer. I have been in contact with expert scientists and they agree it is possible. <br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">I am claiming that the <a href="https://www.jasco-global.com/principle/1-what-is-raman-spectroscopy/" target="_blank">Raman spectrometer </a>exploits the Raman effect by shining laser light to infer the quantum predicted modes and from this, the temperature is measured. That the Raman modes of CO2, H2O N2 and O2, for instance, are excited by infrared heat and this is measured only by the Raman spectrometer — independent of the Raman effect. </span></div></h2><h2 style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">My Claim </h2><div style="text-align: left;">I have claimed that we should be using the measurements Raman spectrometer and Lidars to update and augment greenhouse theory as they measure the emission spectral lines the classical IR spectrometer does not. The Raman spectrometer can measure some of the modes the IR instruments measure; for instance all of H2O's modes and the mode of N2O. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2 style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Raman Spectra in the Infrared</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The discovery of the non-greenhouse gases emission spectral lines of N2, O2, CO2, N2O and CH4 (1929).<br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">These lines were discovered long after the greenhouse gases were first discovered by Tyndall (1859). They come after the advent of the bolometer blackbody radiation curve that defines the greenhouse gas spectral modes of the greenhouse gases. These lines were discovered in the quantum age and are known to have furthered the quantum revolution as proof. They are explained by Bohr's (and others) quantum atomic model. <br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">These modes are ignored in greenhouse theory. <br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Gases R. G. Dickinson, R. T. Dillon, and F. Rasetti Phys. Rev. 34, 582 – Published 15 August 1929 <a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 py34i1dx" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5959/1/DICpr29.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1ACkigkN_CXdoEoq5p4EB-63FlpmJZbkyuNfNVhfWCwrgdvSWvWi6rVoc" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5959/1/DICpr29.pdf<br /></a></span><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 py34i1dx" href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.34.582?fbclid=IwAR3xlie1wOYQXv_BLhp4Pr0b2P9VmTa3F0Ccxg2cthJUGOCwLzyagdAb_1E" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.34.582<br /></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">FEBRUARY 8, 1930 NATURE The Raman Effect. By Dr. A. C. MENZIES.<br /></span><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 py34i1dx" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/125205a0.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0AJjrS23BGJb1DG2KpJrNNfCz3nTEAKHFIT60IbWUSCz5Fyqnn1NO0QFc" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://www.nature.com/articles/125205a0.pdf</span></a></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTkUvbzp8KZ2B2nzSuPnT5B_BDOlUDgIQ5dJ_5O1BFwgZ1laVsMNYXv-frRAQMoRvNyGxgcziu-vH4V_80r_GJtth3R6tbOQcneBdGk0NwJIvQSBkwtGNgA2m6xaEJNSwgpQnD9r_JkeuB_3O-9E8zGRYH084z_Zn4FWv2RZsjplO5rUZUPOrfkZEy=s3876" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1458" data-original-width="3876" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTkUvbzp8KZ2B2nzSuPnT5B_BDOlUDgIQ5dJ_5O1BFwgZ1laVsMNYXv-frRAQMoRvNyGxgcziu-vH4V_80r_GJtth3R6tbOQcneBdGk0NwJIvQSBkwtGNgA2m6xaEJNSwgpQnD9r_JkeuB_3O-9E8zGRYH084z_Zn4FWv2RZsjplO5rUZUPOrfkZEy=w615-h231" width="615" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure: Raman spectral lines and IR spectral lines of the main gases of Earth's atmosphere. These spectral lines are by greenhouse theory, modulated by the blackbody radiation curve. My theory is that they are, by Raman instrument measurements, the dominant spectral lines. </span></div></h2></div><h2 style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">My work:</h3><p style="text-align: left;">The following is my interpretation of the infrared atmosphere</p><p> <a href="https://vixra.org/abs/1811.0498" target="_blank">Quantum Mechanics and Raman Spectroscopy Refute Greenhouse Theor</a>y and</p><p> <a href="https://vixra.org/abs/1811.0499" target="_blank">The Greenhouse Gases and Infrared Radiation Misconceived by Thermoelectric Transducers</a></p><p><a href="https://principia-scientific.com/settling-the-climate-woo-with-quantum-based-raman-spectroscopy/" target="_blank">Settling The Climate Woo With Quantum Based Raman Spectroscopy</a></p><div><br /></div><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEio6v041zLCZBHdEnezoipB5AIsayTxEWl8234q9Y8lMII39HOS-33YRF3YuIKvF-yWXgXHK-tB9RINhN0xgHVUgvSsD5qIiGPajuPbYJI7K69q_9QEc2Pi897kzjGQDzZWdUgEvRT70MUvgPnQ146lSW4jBg90XL7Z7IJZ9yTd4C0JEceId2rafxra=s4982" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4982" data-original-width="3597" height="763" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEio6v041zLCZBHdEnezoipB5AIsayTxEWl8234q9Y8lMII39HOS-33YRF3YuIKvF-yWXgXHK-tB9RINhN0xgHVUgvSsD5qIiGPajuPbYJI7K69q_9QEc2Pi897kzjGQDzZWdUgEvRT70MUvgPnQ146lSW4jBg90XL7Z7IJZ9yTd4C0JEceId2rafxra=w551-h763" width="551" /></a></div><br />Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-57509419293948271762022-01-15T09:48:00.003+01:002022-01-15T09:48:44.183+01:00DESI Challenging My Fractal Cosmology Theory<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;">When I saw this in my feeds on Thursday it stopped me in my tracks (stop the train!!) and has since had me thinking - wow! </span></span></div><div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="84d50" data-offset-key="1vprh-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="1vprh-0-0" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="1vprh-0-0" style="font-family: inherit;">This is epic. A detailed picture looking halfway across the observable universe.</span></div></div><div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="84d50" data-offset-key="altt5-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="altt5-0-0" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="altt5-0-0" style="font-family: inherit;">It is not looking good for (my) fractal theory, but it is still early days and they are pulling in the (old) quasars out there. We'll see how looks when they are finished. </span></div></div><div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="84d50" data-offset-key="1272t-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="1272t-0-0" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="1272t-0-0" style="font-family: inherit;">The survey before this one took us out to around 100 (on the x-axis) and was the scale we/I fractal-ists based our work on. I/we have been predicting larger and larger galaxy structures the further out we look. They don't seem to be there. emm ....or?</span></div></div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2022/01/13/dark-energy-spectroscopic-instrument-desi-creates-largest-3d-map-of-the-cosmos/" target="_blank">https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2022/01/13/dark-energy-spectroscopic-instrument-desi-creates-largest-3d-map-of-the-cosmos/</a><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwasPO5utODD2uGuDfC8hnH0ZjeMkCUweKH1SPp4yJz6R44-FNNy8az3MCcluZyFF_UzsawEw9b-PZMp9WsbHo-Sob2N8hD8FWpYLqtmjXWXyy0dT-sU8r7k5wjJ3qQtEnEbRjpyRe4qjRYKyBsKS1NRmk6F5nRaAmeqAGss5LUgmitRzpruYnSE5k=s960" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwasPO5utODD2uGuDfC8hnH0ZjeMkCUweKH1SPp4yJz6R44-FNNy8az3MCcluZyFF_UzsawEw9b-PZMp9WsbHo-Sob2N8hD8FWpYLqtmjXWXyy0dT-sU8r7k5wjJ3qQtEnEbRjpyRe4qjRYKyBsKS1NRmk6F5nRaAmeqAGss5LUgmitRzpruYnSE5k=w627-h353" width="627" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-89218404961623825172021-11-15T10:51:00.000+01:002024-01-19T09:42:16.193+01:00Does infrared radiate under water? <p> I was just watching the following video clip on the La Pama volcano eruption and was wondering, something I often think about, does infrared heat radiation radiate through the water as it does the air? Would a diver feel the heat as they would if they were on land? </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zwZs4MddS6k" width="320" youtube-src-id="zwZs4MddS6k"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>This question stems from my experiment on radiation where I discovered water blocks the infrared whereas glass and the greenhouse gas do not. Read here: <a href="http://www.fractalnomics.com/2021/05/refuting-greenhouse-theory-experiment.html" target="_blank">http://www.fractalnomics.com/2021/05/refuting-greenhouse-theory-experiment.html</a></p><p><br /></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-25150397005269758122021-10-18T18:46:00.082+02:002023-07-14T15:27:52.339+02:00ePublic Good (Public Good) Prediction comes true in New Zealand<p>More than ten years ago I wrote the article <a href="http://www.fractalnomics.com/2021/10/internet-creator-public-goods.html" target="_blank"> Is the internet making new public goods? ePublic Goods.</a> In the article, I reasoned the internet is producing, based on the decline and failure in the entrainment and news media industries, a new type of Public Goods, ePublic Goods. e for electronic, or internet-based.</p><p>Public Goods are, along with Private, Club, and Commons (Common Pool) Goods, a key <b>phenomenon</b> in economics, </p><p>Public goods are supported by the Governments, and I predicted that this, at the risk of democracy, may happen with the media too someday. If this is true this is not a good thing at all. </p><p>Firms in these industries are not profiting and are failing due to the loss of sales from the internet and have been downsizing. This is akin to the examples o market failure with the streetlights, fireworks displays, lighthouses and others. To me, the media and entertainment firms are failing due to the same problems as with these normal Public Good. The non-rivalry is no one is bothered (the experience is not diminished) by someone else's use of the good and the non-excludable is where one cannot control access to the knowledge, news, music, etc. The 'free-rider problem' is now the free-copy problem.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xURdqactQrg9uKK_LzKIqWA8UxDabboMk5NayFvKhO_uAWAF5WLUH6WLgsYYuIiwdo50sMfVibaYpo5Fv0xzF8F-mtppb4wiJhhK-u2y6NYImPPOOJOl62l9cu1BlAyUYQDqlsv-sMk/s895/ePublic+Goods+211023.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="895" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xURdqactQrg9uKK_LzKIqWA8UxDabboMk5NayFvKhO_uAWAF5WLUH6WLgsYYuIiwdo50sMfVibaYpo5Fv0xzF8F-mtppb4wiJhhK-u2y6NYImPPOOJOl62l9cu1BlAyUYQDqlsv-sMk/w464-h342/ePublic+Goods+211023.png" width="464" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>Without being political and just trying to explain phenomena, is this what has happened in New Zealand recently? From the Government website, it appears so. The current government are offering money to help the ailing industry. This is not just a subsidy to help all media, it is conditional on a (controversial) sitting government policy. </p><p>Please read the following. </p><p><a href="https://mch.govt.nz/media-sector-support/journalism-fund" target="_blank">Public Interest Journalism Fund</a><br /></p><p>Google search: <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=New+Zealand+Government+50+million+to+media+&sxsrf=AOaemvISLkm9ncrCUc1Aw0PgZd5N-Efp0A%3A1634578817640&ei=gbFtYcDSJsKxrgTo7Y-ACQ&ved=0ahUKEwiAl6HOwNTzAhXCmIsKHej2A5AQ4dUDCA4&uact=5&oq=New+Zealand+Government+50+million+to+media+&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBAgjECc6BwgjELADECdKBAhBGAFQ0xVY0xVgwjVoAnAAeACAAVSIAVSSAQExmAEAoAEByAEBwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz" target="_blank">New Zealand Government 50 million to media</a><br /></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-66049087258533859672021-10-12T20:48:00.007+02:002023-04-29T11:57:00.585+02:00Emergent Fractal Attractor Corresponds with Foundational Quantum Problems<p><span style="font-family: arial;">I have for over ten years now been writing a theory of quantum mechanics through the fractal. I have found the fractal demonstrates all aspects of the quantum. My problem has been how to get this down on paper and publish it.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Over a 6 month period, late 2020 and early 2021 I worked on the following paper with my supervisor, but in the end, I throw it down not at all happy with what I had achieved. I need to approach it in a different way; rather than being an experiment, describe the fractal from a deductive point of view. This I intend to do when things have settled and I have had a break from it all, but this is what I have achieved so far. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Keep in touch, I will let you know when I get started again. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGBA5xxboQEk-q_CF6rLwgYK3iFVKCRRroj4J94tup6uo0vglgP9-jN3PMhh6vBXRRWoYgYV5zi5dSn3z5CED95pwO_kBIDS3p_mIZ-T0x3Z65C5HmJYNKEXhnSv6iZEQsv7aDyulbxrw/s734/Fractal+Wave+Particle+Superposition+2110.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="734" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGBA5xxboQEk-q_CF6rLwgYK3iFVKCRRroj4J94tup6uo0vglgP9-jN3PMhh6vBXRRWoYgYV5zi5dSn3z5CED95pwO_kBIDS3p_mIZ-T0x3Z65C5HmJYNKEXhnSv6iZEQsv7aDyulbxrw/w645-h304/Fractal+Wave+Particle+Superposition+2110.png" width="645" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Abstract</h3><p><span face=""Lucida Grande", helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.4px;">The field of foundational quantum mechanics originated nearly one hundred years ago yet remains one of the greatest mysteries to physicists today. The experiment in this study tests whether the geometry of fractals, according to a simple isolated iterating fractal (the Koch Snowflake), correspond to the accepted description of 1) electromagnetic wave-particles (light) and 2) quantum enigmas. In this investigation, an experiment was conducted on an isolated iterating Koch Snowflake fractal. The propagation of changes to triangle ‘bits’ was observed and measured quantitively and the implications of these changes were described and discussed. It was found the fractal when in isolation, behaves as a quantum entity. The fractal has, 1) wave-particle duality, 2) an oscillating, exponential, sinusoidal wave of discrete ‘bits’ of information and 3) in superposition. Constant light speed ‘c' was reasoned to be a property of the growth behaviour of the fractal. It was discussed that a concept and a direction of time would be experienced by an observer within the fractal set, and it was reasoned, corresponding to special relativity, this perception of time would slow to a stop when travelling at the frontier of the set and speed of propagation bits. The quantum ‘measurement problem’, ‘uncertainty principle’, and ‘entanglement’ were all addressed as also being a problem of isolated fractals within fractal landscapes or fields where ‘position’ is only ‘known’ by the addition of information or markers. The quantum-classical interface is a problem of the fractal and is scale-invariant. From this experiment, the opportunity arises to model and analyse what is viewed behind the observer as the fractal iterates. This dual retrospective perspective may offer a unification between quantum mechanics and cosmological mathematics, observations, and conjectures; in so doing possibly explaining the vacuum catastrophe. All these problems may all be different, dual and complementary aspects of the one fractal geometry.</span></p><p><a href="https://vixra.org/abs/2107.0002" target="_blank">Emergent Fractal Attractor Corresponds with Foundational Quantum Problems</a><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352882943_Emergent_Fractal_Attractor_Corresponds_with_Foundational_Quantum_Problems" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352882943_Emergent_Fractal_Attractor_Corresponds_with_Foundational_Quantum_Problems</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Blair</p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-17920577460619006112021-09-06T12:41:00.045+02:002024-01-19T09:42:01.180+01:00Proposal to test the Non-Greenhouse Gases for IR Radiation with the Raman spectrometer<p><span style="font-family: arial;">By Greenhouse Theory, 99% of the dry atmosphere, nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), (the non-greenhouse gases) are assumed not to absorb or emit infrared radiation. They are claimed to gain their heat energy from molecular 'collisions' with the 1% special heat-trapping greenhouse gases. This process of 'collisions' is implying thermal conduction of heat. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Four things: </span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">foundation radiation physics/ quantum mechanics claims all matter with a temperature radiates infrared light, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">air is a poor thermal conductor, one of the poorest known (0.026W.m.K.),</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"> if the, for instance, 0.04% CO2 did transfer heat by conduction to all the 99%, near instantaneously, its claimed heat-trapping properties would have to be extraordinarily special to share this gained energy equally, not just special, and</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">if the air did transfer heat by collisions, we would live in a hell of heat as we would feel the heat of every matter directly through the air. </span></li></ol><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">If greenhouse theory were true, with the ambient CO2 of around 400ppv, the following demonstration could not be conducted. For one, there is no way these men could stand by this solar furnace focal point of over 3500C when "..</span><span style="font-family: arial;">there is no known materials that could resist this."</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> heat. They would be roasted. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZM00kdOCzAVKbQstau9ijySumkugSYWhSEa0y1mcEPuv5dGhJJvJVkH8FDXKqxbJJRP26_yIUc4EhnLee8QY2SPLfKenDPKM-FNlzAwT1yrBsAz4Kx60NyUzHpHtX_unZQyB2hO7fYOE/s969/Solar+furnace+BBC.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="969" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZM00kdOCzAVKbQstau9ijySumkugSYWhSEa0y1mcEPuv5dGhJJvJVkH8FDXKqxbJJRP26_yIUc4EhnLee8QY2SPLfKenDPKM-FNlzAwT1yrBsAz4Kx60NyUzHpHtX_unZQyB2hO7fYOE/w428-h288/Solar+furnace+BBC.PNG" width="428" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z0_nuvPKIi8" width="320" youtube-src-id="z0_nuvPKIi8"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">When the wood goes through the focal point, by greenhouse theory the CO2 release (maybe 15%) would transfer its heat to all the air and the heat transfer would be insufferable, if true. It is not - true. </span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Raman spectrometer N2 temperature test after radiation. </span></h3><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The (CARS) Raman spectrometer can measure the temperature of gaseous nitrogen and oxygen by exploiting the physics that contradicts and refutes greenhouse theory. N2 and O2 do have infrared emission spectra; they are radiated in the operating process of CO2 lasers, and they are measured.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">By the following diagram, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">I would like to point the laser straight up from under - to catch if there is any convection - through IR radiated air at a solar focal point or similar. We wouldn't even need a tank; the Raman spectrometer measures all the gases, H2O, O2, N2, CO2, we could 'spray' pure N2 over the focal point as they do water in the demonstration. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrC7IutjNQcG29ABhySWnOuueD1hEVA7vhsvuyS80S_diZOXmop01tgYTzRDaVFJwPkXSKFkcdBry_8eH4T2hlWOzt-oDn0csgqAFhKTWY18HXgo-CJvgIgOw0iW8n6l661BfmXY3mvsg/s678/Raman+Spectrometer+Solar+Sun+N2+Nitrogen+Gas+Radiation+Experiment+210828.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="678" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrC7IutjNQcG29ABhySWnOuueD1hEVA7vhsvuyS80S_diZOXmop01tgYTzRDaVFJwPkXSKFkcdBry_8eH4T2hlWOzt-oDn0csgqAFhKTWY18HXgo-CJvgIgOw0iW8n6l661BfmXY3mvsg/w517-h458/Raman+Spectrometer+Solar+Sun+N2+Nitrogen+Gas+Radiation+Experiment+210828.png" width="517" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The CARS unit measures the Raman scattering of the laser photons off the air molecules to infer the temperature. But this measurement does come with, as I have learnt, 'noise' problems, so it will not be easy. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I think N2 is locally radiated, but it is not transferred. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Only the Raman CARS can test this.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I am currently in contact with a retired scientist in Switzerland who has a 'rotting' Raman CARS in his lab he used in the 90s on similar but not exact studies. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">What I am asking has not been conducted and it needs to be done. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A positive result would mean we have to completely redefine our understanding of the atmosphere in line with quantum mechanics.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">To be clear (and this is the rebuttal I am receiving), I am not testing for a heating effect from the Raman effect in the atmosphere: there is no such effect. I am using the Raman spectrometer for what it is developed, to measure the quantum predicted emission spectra line of N2 and others and its temperature. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Supporting Papers and links: </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19710016187" target="_blank">Determination of gas temperatures from laser Raman scattering</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bbpc.19830871117" target="_blank">Temperature Measurements in Flames by Laser Raman Techniques</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0010218076900146" target="_blank">Local temperature measurements in flames by laser raman spectroscopy</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1058.7941&rep=rep1&type=pdf" target="_blank">Experimental Setup of a Laser Diagnostics System for a High-Temperature Solar Receiver/Reactor</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-81172775850224106802021-07-26T22:04:00.026+02:002024-01-19T09:41:56.785+01:00Radiation Transmitted by Atmosphere Raman<p> <span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">I have just put the finishing touches on my model of the infrared atmosphere. Artwork really, but the culmination of 10 years of research.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">It builds on the previous 19th-century technology-based model, of the same name, only mine includes the measurements by the modern laser-based Raman spectrometer/Lidar.</span></p><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">This knowledge is ignored by proponents on both sides of the climate debate. Both sides tell me I am wrong, but none tell me where I am wrong without breaking the laws and practical applications of physics.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">With this knowledge, there are no paradoxes or contradictions, for instance, that Nitrogen and Oxygen do not absorb or emit infrared radiation when by classical (and quantum) physics all matter with a temperature radiates infrared.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Your attention can be drawn to the blue and green (Raman detected) lines. These lines are not included in greenhouse theory and as a result, the likes of Nitrogen and Oxygen (99% of the dry atmosphere) are claimed not to be greenhouse gases. By Raman (spectrometer) instruments, they most certainly are. The Raman instrument can measure concentrations of the gases and their temperatures. It is superior.</span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Please share and discuss.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The called special greenhouse gases are really the gases that transduce thermal radiation to emf electricity via thermal transducers, the thermopile and bolometer and the like. </span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS4puLo8ASjCrPWy03KBnTsPAjnwCioeT9JQfRt43JRVWMP5pnpmHTm9qEmlgEFR0IXh-J8sQ6ZK9daJX91X8oufUCUT57S8TihHqLA5xtExI6ZK5TgGlm5uwyKnb2BSREqRq5DAEpDdFFMq0I8rBbuCK-0gN0o6ciwSlsRvFcDXyXC9B_2Sacbj4V2qQ/s4982/Radiation%20Transmitted%20by%20Atmosphere%20Raman%202308.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4982" data-original-width="3597" height="810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS4puLo8ASjCrPWy03KBnTsPAjnwCioeT9JQfRt43JRVWMP5pnpmHTm9qEmlgEFR0IXh-J8sQ6ZK9daJX91X8oufUCUT57S8TihHqLA5xtExI6ZK5TgGlm5uwyKnb2BSREqRq5DAEpDdFFMq0I8rBbuCK-0gN0o6ciwSlsRvFcDXyXC9B_2Sacbj4V2qQ/w585-h810/Radiation%20Transmitted%20by%20Atmosphere%20Raman%202308.png" width="585" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> <br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-78940915290952727452021-06-13T10:45:00.011+02:002024-01-19T09:19:27.720+01:00Giant Arc evidence of a fractal universe<div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="pq6dq46d tbxw36s4 knj5qynh kvgmc6g5 ditlmg2l oygrvhab nvdbi5me sf5mxxl7 gl3lb2sf hhz5lgdu" style="display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I'm looking at my feeds and I see astronomers have discovered (or finally recognised, we've known about them for years) there is a 'large' structure at the outer edges of the universe. 3 billion years wide, 'Giant Arc'. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8" href="https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/31674/20210612/could-this-3-billion-light-year-long-chain-overturn-cosmology.htm?fbclid=IwAR1yepjZIZUvLZ8PH4TaLhnnztT0jDeQV_SdaKgX0ZFEUtBqWRsrvF744_s" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://www.sciencetimes.com/.../could-this-3-billion...</a></span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">This blows apart the standard model of cosmology as for it galaxy distribution is smooth on all scales. But a few have challenged this view and said the universe is fractal - fractal-cosmology. I came into this from the outside, indirectly. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The universe is recognised 'by science' as being fractal on small scales (out to around 1 billion years) but on large it is smooth and assumed not fractal. No. No, it is not smooth, and nor should it be.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I have taken the fractal-cosmology further by modelling a fractal (doing the maths directly from a fractal, an experiment). Big structures like the Giant Arc are exactly what we would expect to see - like big branches on a tree near the trunk. I also predict from my model, (Hubble) expansion, accelerated growth, and all from small beginnings. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Trees are easy-to-view fractal structures: the trunk of a growing tree was once the seedling. The seedling size branch is now on the outer branches (and doing the work, it has the leaves), supported by the larger and larger branches (see the image). Trees, all plants, accelerate in size with age. Don't forget, my day job is as an economist and none of this is lost on that. I have it that an economy, human or otherwise, is built on the principles of the geometry of the fractal, but that's another thing... (not really <span style="font-family: inherit;">).</span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The model in the image shows the dual view of the growth of a fractal. Think of the triangles as a branch. The top sequence (a) is how we view the growth - the tree for example, where the trunk size remains constant; and below (b) is how the structure really grows (from the perspective of the constant sized unit, 'the seedling/trig'). </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIi7Wciw9dgNzx3MHBItpH49tZ-P1KTx07CI6k95iR6RnaLGerQSZpx9ezJjBLJEWcwXQuA5zFzUkWVMgNTTz_CNVNxMR6GYrg-u_kRC467gODeUbjLQppDboAaKt07bUoi8kgJOqnpnE/s1521/Inverted+Fractal+Cosmology+Quantum+2105.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1036" data-original-width="1521" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIi7Wciw9dgNzx3MHBItpH49tZ-P1KTx07CI6k95iR6RnaLGerQSZpx9ezJjBLJEWcwXQuA5zFzUkWVMgNTTz_CNVNxMR6GYrg-u_kRC467gODeUbjLQppDboAaKt07bUoi8kgJOqnpnE/w594-h404/Inverted+Fractal+Cosmology+Quantum+2105.png" width="594" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I have it that the below is the growth of the cosmos (and other) and the above reveals a total insight into what is termed, quantum mechanics, and it is this what I am currently writing up. It is the challenge of my life. Together, the two views, are understood by fractal geometry. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Anyway, keep working away.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">See my paper<a href="https://vixra.org/abs/2109.0025" target="_blank"> Making Sense of Cosmological Observations and Conjectures by a Fractal Geometry Experiment</a></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Also see <a href="https://www.fractalnomics.com/2024/01/unifying-cosmos-and-quantum-fractal.html" target="_blank">Second Paper Published Unifying Cosmos and the Quantum with the Fractal</a></div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-26745664819013531042021-06-12T16:32:00.020+02:002024-01-19T09:41:43.003+01:00Thermal camera Hairdyer gap paradox<div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">The IR 'hairdryer paradox'. </h2><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">This is a thermogram of an operating hairdryer, taken using the same technology by which we understand the greenhouse gases - thermoelectrics.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMcWVHpThejht9Qg5CXBnbitQ_qrKeUAani82c9WlT9OeLZ3C5RQYEkGSC8PtzBXgFtctuQGivf4QISdCIAy5Q5i_LXwQ6muOwc7VT3s8JtrkLDjUu3-XKlyvtEfmwC2RmXVBqYo8E7Y/s394/NASA+Hairdryer+thermogram.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="394" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMcWVHpThejht9Qg5CXBnbitQ_qrKeUAani82c9WlT9OeLZ3C5RQYEkGSC8PtzBXgFtctuQGivf4QISdCIAy5Q5i_LXwQ6muOwc7VT3s8JtrkLDjUu3-XKlyvtEfmwC2RmXVBqYo8E7Y/w408-h294/NASA+Hairdryer+thermogram.jpg" width="408" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Why is there a gap after the hairdryer outlet?</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Is the air not hot? Yes, it is; it is blowing onto a surface, so it must be hot.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Is the air not radiating infrared (heat)? Everything with a temperature radiates IR; but, from this image, it appears 'air' (mostly nitrogen and oxygen) doesn't - hence they are termed non-greenhouse gases. But this is wrong. It is that the instrument's therm-transductive detector does not transduce electricity from the radiant heat of nitrogen and oxygen molecules. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">How did the 'air' get hot in the first place - and so quickly - if it does not absorb IR radiation? Air is an extremely poor thermal conductor of heat (0.026 W/(m K) ), and it has a very low thermal diffusivity. Convection must imply radiation and/or conduction, so what is it?</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">It has to be from radiation. Nitrogen and Oxygen both have emission spectra lines in the IR range of the EMS; this is where they absorb their heat from the glowing hot radiating elements in the dryer. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">What would it look like if we put carbon dioxide through it? Would there be a gap then?</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">No, CO2 is thermo-transductive and will 'glow' in a thermal camera as the gas flows out. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I aim to try this as soon as I can. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-5148212933572534662021-05-31T11:26:00.000+02:002024-01-19T09:41:46.528+01:00Cosmic Rays Determine Weather and Climate<h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Beryllium 10, my word for the week; and I found it where it should be, at the end of the last ice age.</span></span></h3><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: arial;">We now know the mechanism of the connection between (Galileo's) sunspots and short-term and long-term climate, and of course, the weather. The mechanism is cosmic rays, and the modulation of them by the Sun's magnetic (sunspot) activity. When the sun is at solar minima we are not protected from the showering of these high energy subatomic particles; and they help, as a consequence, seed cloud nuclei leading to more cloud, more precipitation, and eventually colder (different from place to place, it can be hotter in places). </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: arial;">Laboratory experiments have demonstrated this mechanism. When the sun is active, as it has been over the last 100 years (coincidence?!), we are shielded from them; but, before then, since the 14th Century, the cosmic rays were more - as measured by isotope Carbon 14 - and as a consequence, it was 'little ice age' cold, with extensive global glacier growth and around misery to all our ancestors, we were hungry and cold. </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">What I wanted to know - something I couldn't find anything on until now - was what were the cosmic rays doing during the last ice age, particularly the end of it; what is known as the 'Younger Dryas'? </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">It is an incredible period of time: the ice came and went within decades (kilometres thick ice!), by rising and falling temperature by some 10 degrees C. Today it is claimed - surprise surprise, everything is - it was caused by CO2 and methane changes. No way!</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">So, in this image - from a paper not directly related to climate, but on the megafauna extinction of the same time - we see Beryrillium 10 (10Be) counts back 60,000 years. Beryllium 10 and carbon 14 are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, (10Be lasts longer) and here we have a record of it from the Antarctic Ice core. I think it matches the ins and outs of the last ice age pretty well, and importantly, the end of it. I think it is a smoking gun. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Otherwise, it is well known that by Beryllium 10 we can trace all the climate record, right back to before the Cambrian explosion of life, to the period of snowball Earth, where there was ice at the equator, a planet of ice! It corresponds with Earth's progress through the galaxy, perfectly matching its ice age history ( which was only 20% ice of that time by the way; 80% ice-free at the poles). </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2NfgC1E0C82REforC10hCICQU6O1wdnfOueRHn0B6PcO3cWLAI-B-zLO4tQ09Bh1qmvCavPSrQJX25_jWveqqU_SPrBzaoFlmf2pDX2x7s2MegGH9FzF82Oo_P5ZfgTpVhyphenhyphenA-vWGFyE/s600/Beryrillium+10+Younger+Dryas.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="511" height="477" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2NfgC1E0C82REforC10hCICQU6O1wdnfOueRHn0B6PcO3cWLAI-B-zLO4tQ09Bh1qmvCavPSrQJX25_jWveqqU_SPrBzaoFlmf2pDX2x7s2MegGH9FzF82Oo_P5ZfgTpVhyphenhyphenA-vWGFyE/w407-h477/Beryrillium+10+Younger+Dryas.jpeg" width="407" /></a></div><br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Reference: <a href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0503/0503158.pdf" target="_blank">Evidence for a Global Warming at the Termination I Boundary and Its Possible Cosmic Dust Cause</a></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">My aim in all this is to get the father of Cosmo-climatology, Henrik Svensmark, the Nobel Prize he deserves. It is the greatest science of our time what he has uncovered, bringing together cosmology, climatology with particle physics. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I am currently writing up my experiment proposal to refute greenhouse theory and expose the use of Raman Spectroscopy in it, and as I said to Henrik in person, if I'm right, the only theory is yours. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Keep warm. </div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-3892435924964044742021-05-22T22:27:00.002+02:002024-01-19T09:41:50.222+01:00Fake Silver Coin Candle test. <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #030303; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Candle test. </span></h2><p><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is my test but it works based on silvers high thermal conductivity compared to other metals. From a coin at room temperature, hold the edge of a coin on the top of the yellow candle flame, it should take around 9 to 15 seconds for real silver before it is too hot to hold. And when the heat comes, it comes fast. </span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Other metals are way over 20 seconds and up to 35 seconds. If you are worried about damaging the coin, well, it's not going to if it is real silver.</span></p><div class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="main" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-comment-action-buttons-renderer action-buttons-style="desktop-toolbar" class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="action-buttons" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: 4px; min-height: 16px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-comment-action-buttons-renderer" id="reply-dialog" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-comment-action-buttons-renderer><ytd-button-renderer aria-expanded="false" button-renderer="true" class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="view-threaded-replies" noink="" style="--iron-icon-height: 20px; --iron-icon-width: 20px; --paper-button-ink-color: var(--yt-spec-badge-chip-background); --yt-button-icon-padding: 0; --yt-button-padding-minus-focus-outline-width: 2px; --yt-button-padding-minus-focus-outline: 0 0 8px 0; --yt-button-padding: 2px 0 10px 0; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize-color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_display: initial; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_margin-left: var(--ytd-margin-base); align-items: center; color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); display: inline-flex; font-size: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_letter-spacing); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;" use-keyboard-focused=""></ytd-button-renderer><ytd-button-renderer aria-expanded="true" button-renderer="true" class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="hide-threaded-replies" noink="" style="--iron-icon-height: 20px; --iron-icon-width: 20px; --paper-button-ink-color: var(--yt-spec-badge-chip-background); --yt-button-icon-padding: 0; --yt-button-padding-minus-focus-outline-width: 2px; --yt-button-padding-minus-focus-outline: 0 0 8px 0; --yt-button-padding: 2px 0 10px 0; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize-color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_display: initial; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_margin-left: var(--ytd-margin-base); align-items: center; color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); display: inline-flex; font-size: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-tab-system_-_letter-spacing); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;" use-keyboard-focused=""></ytd-button-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="action-menu" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" flexible-menu="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"></ytd-menu-renderer></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-90486401784989845642021-05-09T13:14:00.170+02:002023-07-14T15:35:48.235+02:00Refuting Greenhouse Theory Kitchen Experiment: GHGs and glass transparent to real IR heat and Germanium non-transparent<div style="text-align: left;"><h3><br /></h3><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Does IR transparent germanium block infrared radiation? NO, it does not.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></b></span></div><h3><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></h3><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">By greenhouse theory, glass, H2O, CO2 and other greenhouse gases are claimed to absorb infrared (IR) radiation. They are non-transparent to the infrared. Conversely, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Germanium are assumed to be transparent to IR. We know this by the instrument that measures IR, the thermoelectric thermopile. I tested, by a simple experiment, the said substances for the said claims by exposing the substances to real 'hot' infrared heat radiation. The heat that burns without contact. All, but for water, failed the test: it is the complete opposite than is claimed. I conclude it is the instrument, the thermopile, that has led us to a systematic error. Greenhouse theory is based on this instrument and as a result, is incomplete. </span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnxTgiJgx9F-SsnxVy3jzyVPAx01p8XahzTSVI3Q5QeoeOxznVzIBlmZWaXu2zoYobG7r76a-QOFaScqrrEYZ1ryEf2zc4mKAEGG5E6fQI4iLs3jN21IQ7UUdxgvlNAdzzO1p5EbgaNY/s2048/Refuting+Greenhouse+theory+not+transparent+infrared+radiation+germanium+glass+CO2+carbon+thermopile+.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnxTgiJgx9F-SsnxVy3jzyVPAx01p8XahzTSVI3Q5QeoeOxznVzIBlmZWaXu2zoYobG7r76a-QOFaScqrrEYZ1ryEf2zc4mKAEGG5E6fQI4iLs3jN21IQ7UUdxgvlNAdzzO1p5EbgaNY/w492-h277/Refuting+Greenhouse+theory+not+transparent+infrared+radiation+germanium+glass+CO2+carbon+thermopile+.jpg" width="492" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><i>Background</i></span></h3><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">I’d like to share with you, for the record, and as brief, as I can, an experiment I conducted this time last week that refutes the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15093234#:~:text=In%20the%20late%201850s%2C%20Tyndall,temperature%20differences%20into%20electrical%20current." target="_blank">foundational physics of greenhouse theory</a>. This simple rather trivial-looking home experiment is the culmination of over 10 years of research. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Going into it, early last Saturday morning the 24th of April, I felt like the scientists of old, not really knowing what the outcome would be, but having a pretty good idea. I also knew that if the results are positive, I am wrong and I have to leave this. They were, apart from water, all negative. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Incidentally, as I write this, the sun streams through a glass window warming my feet. </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times;">Until recently I was going to test the non-greenhouse gases pure oxygen and nitrogen for infrared heat absorption from the sun by the Raman spectrometer, the modern complementary instrument to the thermoelectric instruments that define the greenhouse gases. Upon inquiry into my proposed experiment, I was advised by a Professor in the field of Raman spectroscopy, Lund University, that while the question has ‘interesting’ the instrument would not be accurate under the necessary conditions for the experiment — ‘there would be too much noise’. This came as a great disappointment; but, it never stopped me thinking. </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times;">Then it came to me: the real solution to my questions was literately steering me in the face all along. Test the specific substances for real! — high temperature — infrared (heat) transparency. Do the substances behave as they are claimed to? </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times;">To set you up for this imagine the following: you need, desperately, to shield yourself from the hot sun or a glowing hot fire and all you have to do this with is either a clear glass sheet or a sheet of metal germanium. You are told, by 'the science', the glass blocks heat radiation and the germanium metal, by the science, does not. Which one do you pick up? Do you trust 'the science'? </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: large; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduction</span></h3><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Glass (silica), water (H2O) and the so-called greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) are all, while transparent to visible light, are claimed to be non-transparent and thus absorbent to infrared radiation. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8" href="http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/globalwarmA5.html" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Greenhouse Gases Absorb Infrared Radiation</a></span> </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) — the non-greenhouse gases — and solid metalloid germanium (Ge) are assumed to be totally transparent to infrared: they (supposedly) do not absorb infrared heat at all and at any temperature. <span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8" href="https://youtu.be/YFQ49dssMuk?t=30&fbclid=IwAR0Bw8dFqYjoyO7EXXBJY6LhomMn1ic7smR_ZFKmPmDbXVRo1NdoKnRT7cM" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">It is for this reason — it is claimed — germanium is used as lenses in thermal cameras. (click to see Youtube demonstration) </a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnN3uJnJ4jA2Y0kMUFIVOJssrjXs5KR2w4Jk6IgrTZ-IE2L0wczY1FzJk_O_nEmJ9Vze-iDUGyeP59uLqJ163g2ntw78amFxVZ5jIMHKssFz-pgt6cBtX-eAZOvMJz3e65nXIuoEEFx4/s1036/Germanium+IR+transparent.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="1036" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnN3uJnJ4jA2Y0kMUFIVOJssrjXs5KR2w4Jk6IgrTZ-IE2L0wczY1FzJk_O_nEmJ9Vze-iDUGyeP59uLqJ163g2ntw78amFxVZ5jIMHKssFz-pgt6cBtX-eAZOvMJz3e65nXIuoEEFx4/w654-h301/Germanium+IR+transparent.PNG" width="654" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The technology that defines our understanding of these claims and the so-called special greenhouse gases is the thermopile. It is the same (early 19th century) technology that runs the (pictured) yellow IR thermometer (and is directly related to the operation of thermal cameras and IR spectroscopy). </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">The thermopile is a transducer: it transduces IR (heat) radiation into electricity via the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> Seebeck effect</a>. (It always interests me how MS Word spell-check always picks up ‘Seebeck’, that's how unknown it is.) The electricity transduced correlates with the heat radiated; but not perfectly, the correction factor I have deduced is what is termed the emissivity of the substance measured. More on that some other time, but it is important on its own to my findings as it too is very strange.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PqG_1GI9p4_J1FeCU3FCzyr4o1ngPZTcnJ1k_h7lEfwqCnHAeUL-G-4zBBJ2JUvEqlcS86e10ioI7roLs0bW0zQSczu5QOs-7J3ORCl9F_1gcAAyijhxVggkb89cD-dYZY9OV0SSZMo/s957/CO2+in+glass.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="957" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PqG_1GI9p4_J1FeCU3FCzyr4o1ngPZTcnJ1k_h7lEfwqCnHAeUL-G-4zBBJ2JUvEqlcS86e10ioI7roLs0bW0zQSczu5QOs-7J3ORCl9F_1gcAAyijhxVggkb89cD-dYZY9OV0SSZMo/w474-h187/CO2+in+glass.PNG" width="474" /></a></div><h4 style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;">Demonstrating IR transparency with an IR camera. A, two sealed tubes (sealed with thin plastic and not glass), one contains air, the other CO2. B a 'hot' hand can be seen through the air, and C, the one with CO2, the hand is 'blocked'. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuW_o3-2sjw" target="_blank">Youtube clip. </a></h4><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" target="_blank">1859 John Tyndall</a> used the thermopile to deduce what he thought to be, and what we still think are the greenhouse gases. He measured an electrical current, by a galvanometer, from CO2 and the other ‘greenhouse gasses’, and measured no electricity from oxygen and nitrogen, so he concluded oxygen and nitrogen do not absorb infrared, they are non-greenhouse gases. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">To contain his gases, Tyndall (intentionally) used salt crystal and not glass (just as chemists do to this day with closely related IR spectroscopy) as glass is assumed to absorb IR, no IR measurement can be made through it. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">From this 1859 finding greenhouse theory was formed and claims the transfer of energy between the (1%) greenhouse gases and the (99%) non-greenhouse gases after absorption from the sun or earth is done so only by collisions (conduction). </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZ15ouWixi5w-IPRznshwa160fOvDGQuaC1N8MhXdA2y5KuEzuigP0OBEzjc9tG50zWfMk9j3VSCJn76ju45JTxdOpCeE3BK7W6s2628Kwu3phLxNpr6QiYYlYrpaD-IJ93z7kjZpCVE/s982/Ian+Stewart+demonstration.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="982" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZ15ouWixi5w-IPRznshwa160fOvDGQuaC1N8MhXdA2y5KuEzuigP0OBEzjc9tG50zWfMk9j3VSCJn76ju45JTxdOpCeE3BK7W6s2628Kwu3phLxNpr6QiYYlYrpaD-IJ93z7kjZpCVE/w653-h361/Ian+Stewart+demonstration.PNG" width="653" /></a></div>Ian Stewart Greenhouse theory demonstration <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeYfl45X1wo&t=5s" target="_blank">Youtube clip.</a><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: times;">From this, there are two outstanding problems with this —greenhouse — theory that have frustrated me and motivated me. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: times;">1) the theory contradicts foundational physics where all matter with a temperature (above absolute zero Kelvin) radiates infrared heat. If nitrogen, oxygen and germanium do not absorb IR, this is a contradiction to radiation theory. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: times;">2) the air is a very poor thermal conductor of heat, one of the poorest (0.024 WmK). <span><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FVO_3WW6ZcWw%3Ft%3D132%26fbclid%3DIwAR2I6zzWZ25JAqkMAri0fGV-4UZwdpb-y47voGEjO_Z6_Jwo89lNKJbNReY&h=AT2ruzFyauJKrjUpfTNHHVNOUc38ZVm3BBWyzb7Y4bhveqDUtpMNBIUVDTETklCHvLEc2JS7yhGkoXfSU8_ZZOpuRYYnrZdwlpe2D52MdQvy3Mebt7mK2ayMaeABnNntvw&__tn__=-UK-R&c[0]=AT2-MQAdBYtfNpS-frTProiuICie7v2cN-tBJxllQjh9NmvCP4egmIaP-eCM5LtUut1PwgxL27VnKzdcsLmKJdjHn1rHyGde_T0AL9UNPn3z_k6xfiWBqAj0Qf0hzRvgJllejnR_DWBoiHo6hm5aFSlwoGc" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Conduction in liquid and gas</a>.</span> If the heat energy is not transferred to the non-greenhouse gases by radiation and not by conduction (collisions), how is the heat is transferred atmosphere at all? How do you explain the weather processes which all depend on this knowledge? </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hypothesis</span></h3><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">I think the oxygen</span><span style="font-size: 15px;"> and the nitrogen</span><span style="font-size: 15px;"> and the germanium do absorb and radiate and that there has been a systematic error by the reliance on one instrument type that measures them, the thermoelectric transducers and the like. </span></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: times;">These transducers have led us wrong. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: times;">So, I tested the said substances for real IR transparency to test my hypothesis. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Apparatus (pictured)</span></h3><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnxTgiJgx9F-SsnxVy3jzyVPAx01p8XahzTSVI3Q5QeoeOxznVzIBlmZWaXu2zoYobG7r76a-QOFaScqrrEYZ1ryEf2zc4mKAEGG5E6fQI4iLs3jN21IQ7UUdxgvlNAdzzO1p5EbgaNY/s2048/Refuting+Greenhouse+theory+not+transparent+infrared+radiation+germanium+glass+CO2+carbon+thermopile+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnxTgiJgx9F-SsnxVy3jzyVPAx01p8XahzTSVI3Q5QeoeOxznVzIBlmZWaXu2zoYobG7r76a-QOFaScqrrEYZ1ryEf2zc4mKAEGG5E6fQI4iLs3jN21IQ7UUdxgvlNAdzzO1p5EbgaNY/w492-h277/Refuting+Greenhouse+theory+not+transparent+infrared+radiation+germanium+glass+CO2+carbon+thermopile+.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">What you see in the photograph above is the apparatus for my experiment. You see a stove with different things on it that I will now describe. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Note what you don’t see in the photograph, the gases of the atmosphere. 99% of the dry atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Clockwise from the red-hot stove element: </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The element is on full power and this is my (real) infrared radiation heat source. Radiant heat or infrared radiation is the heat you sense from the glow of such things. </li><li>Next is the IR thermometer. This is a very important instrument to greenhouse theory as described above. The temperature of the radiating element was measured by the IR thermometer to be ca. 400C. The temperature of the ‘air’ (mostly non-greenhouse gas N2 and O2) above the element does not register a temperature by the IR thermometer.</li><li>Next is the baking soda and vinegar to make CO2 gas. I made the CO2 gas and poured it into a plastic bag, and sealed it. It is easy to pour as it is much heavier than air. I tested for CO2 by the flame extinguishing test before sealing.</li><li>Jumping ahead; can you see what looks like a coin on the aluminium sheet, that is the germanium. Germanium is very expensive, hence the amount I have (around 50 US dollars for that amount, it’s a start). Germanium is a semiconductor; it does not conduct electricity at room temperature; however, when heated, it does. I tested for this with the multimeter and confirmed it is germanium. What is also important about germanium is when the germanium is placed in front of the IR thermometer, and the IR thermometer is pointed at the radiating element, a reading of ca. 200 C was measured: about 50% of the real temperature, which matches what germanium should do. It appears to be transparent. More improved germanium is around 100% ‘transparent’, and is used in IR cameras.</li><li>The below image is of a germanium lens I recently acquired, with the IR thermometer. And further below I am showing the 'transparency of the lens when looking at a hot stove element. </li></ul></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhorxqLfp9dANphOz1RPKFLhtj2A5gEtOl3yy7zfJPke9M0OzL4FbmT195xy7T430Qc4cd0dtCRiMtL3ryHqdWx-1EDmd12jCMiNEH7TFvZNzTDk8D5j0niv-C25XqN8NDoxcqBIWvKuPI/s2048/FLIR+Lens+IR+thermometer+stove+greenhouse+experiment.JPG" style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhorxqLfp9dANphOz1RPKFLhtj2A5gEtOl3yy7zfJPke9M0OzL4FbmT195xy7T430Qc4cd0dtCRiMtL3ryHqdWx-1EDmd12jCMiNEH7TFvZNzTDk8D5j0niv-C25XqN8NDoxcqBIWvKuPI/s320/FLIR+Lens+IR+thermometer+stove+greenhouse+experiment.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; white-space-collapse: collapse;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqMistJBR9G9s8fi0SIFJcFIn0b9LAfuTbdft74uBZSApWNRS_Aka-YyoEb1cvQrXxcH64Lhz83uLYs35QflLbdCBPeyRhw6HuyRJg4-vzNq3uyA2GVx0E0B2lKWES0EC-WCbwlQxxXmE/s1438/Germanium+Over+stove+photo.png" style="font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1438" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqMistJBR9G9s8fi0SIFJcFIn0b9LAfuTbdft74uBZSApWNRS_Aka-YyoEb1cvQrXxcH64Lhz83uLYs35QflLbdCBPeyRhw6HuyRJg4-vzNq3uyA2GVx0E0B2lKWES0EC-WCbwlQxxXmE/s320/Germanium+Over+stove+photo.png" width="240" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuyXt7VQEthObQCEbHE1Eizc3JZ5gJrrCvMTOt9WViOExS463FnXgUqQYBHNaV3aQWQAUNNSy89LAepyzqu6eDrURBmh4HEU_KolUdOs2TCCoE-sAc8D-KfKkGPVjRKy_EP4gbzQY5gsw/s1438/Germanium+Over+stove+FLIR+.png" style="font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1438" data-original-width="1077" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuyXt7VQEthObQCEbHE1Eizc3JZ5gJrrCvMTOt9WViOExS463FnXgUqQYBHNaV3aQWQAUNNSy89LAepyzqu6eDrURBmh4HEU_KolUdOs2TCCoE-sAc8D-KfKkGPVjRKy_EP4gbzQY5gsw/s320/Germanium+Over+stove+FLIR+.png" width="240" /></a></h3><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><ul style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400;"><li>You also see a glass bowl and some water in a jug.</li><li>My crude infrared radiation heat detector was my body, my hands, and my face, particularly my lips. We can feel infrared radiation: we sense it as heat. 400C, as is 200C, is dangerously hot with even short-time exposure, and easily sensed. </li></ul></h3><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Method</span></h3><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">My method was to pass the different materials over the IR radiating element and discern by sensing whether the substances are transparent or not to IR as they are claimed to be. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">This was done in the order of glass, the water in the glass bowl, aluminium foil, the germanium, the plastic bag, and then the CO2 in the plastic bag.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">The reason I used an aluminium sheet was because the germanium ‘coin’ was so small and aluminium almost perfectly shields or reflects infrared radiation (which is the only actual true thing in this setup; aluminium does what it is claimed to, and the numbers match). </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">I demonstrated to myself I could measure the temperature of the hot element with the IR thermometer when the Ge was placed in front of the IR thermometer detector (implying the metal is transparent to IR as claimed); it measured. The same applied to the plastic bag. By the glass and the bagged CO2 on the other hand no change in the temperature is recorded when the glass and CO2 are placed between the IR thermometer and the element (corresponding to the claimed IR absorption). </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></h2><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><b>Glass:</b> I could feel the radiant heat from the element through the glass. It was instantaneous and not the glass heating up. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><b>Water:</b> in the bowl, it totally blocked the radiant heat. Even a shallow, 1 or 2 mm deep, amount blocked the radiant. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><b>Aluminium foil:</b> blocked (reflected).</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><b>Germanium: </b> totally blocked the radiant heat. In detail, I used the aluminium foil sheet with the hole and tested it if I could feel the heat radiate through the hole onto my lips and face. I could feel the heat. I then placed the germanium sample on and over the hole and repeated it. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Initially, I felt heat coming through as if the </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ge was not there and thought to myself: I'm wrong! I tried it again and then realised that the germanium had quickly heated and was itself radiating onto me (which it should not do if it were transparent). I could not touch the sample as it was so hot (it must have a low heat capacity (it does)) </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">So, I repeated the whole process, this time passing the hole over the element in a fast movement knowing the IR radiates at the speed of light; first with no Ge, and then with Ge. I could instantaneously feel the heat through the hole, and then with the Ge over the hole again and <b>I could not feel</b> any heat. It blocked the radiant heat. The same was repeated with the new lens and again the radiant heat was blocked.</span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><b>CO2 in the plastic bag:</b> I could instantaneously feel the heat radiation through the CO2 and plastic. </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Discussions and Conclusions</span></h3><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">The key outcome is that germanium (claimed to be transparent to IR radiation) is actually opaque to the radiant IR heat and that glass and CO2 (claimed to be non-transparent to IR radiation from the sun etc) are actually IR transparent. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Water is remarkable for its true IR radiation opaqueness. It blocks radiant heat. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">The germanium is similar to the nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere: they all actually absorb IR, and are opaque to IR radiation contrary to belief.<a href="https://scholar.google.se/scholar?q=Raman+Lidar+atmosphere&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart" target="_blank"> To measure the temperature of the nitrogen and oxygen from IR radiation (and indeed the temperature of water, methane and CO2) a laser-based Raman spectrometer can be used.</a></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">The glass in the experiment is the same as the so-called greenhouse gases (apart from H2O, as I discovered)<span style="font-family: inherit;">; they all transduce IR radiation to electricity by the thermopile and are thus claimed to be heat absorb IR heat radiation, but they actually, by this experiment, let the IR radiant heat through. The CO2 was no defence against heat radiation. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">It is the thermopile instrument that has led us to believe CO2 is special. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Tyndall, in 1859, really only discovered thermoelectric gases: the gases that transduce electricity from IR radiation. I now call these gases thermal transductive gases. The (TTGs) Emissivity is actually a measure of how well the detector transduces. More on this to come. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">I cannot see that anyone has conducted a similar experiment. Not only does this experiment refute greenhouse theory at its foundations but also has implications for our understanding of heat radiation physics as a whole. Our belief in infrared absorption or transparency for different substances, such as the GHGs, is totally based on a pre-quantum, 19century instrument type, and is not at all practical in the age of quantum-based laser instruments. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">I have concluded there has been a systematic error in our measurement of infrared (IR) radiation and the greenhouse gases are misconceived.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Read more of my work at: </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://vixra.org/abs/1811.0499" target="_blank">The Greenhouse Gases and Infrared Radiation Misconceived by Thermoelectric Transducers</a><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://vixra.org/abs/1811.0498" target="_blank">Quantum Mechanics and Raman Spectroscopy Refute Greenhouse Theory</a><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;"><br /></h3><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div></div>Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6412057662325197004.post-31627710859476980652021-04-18T11:14:00.003+02:002023-04-29T11:56:59.355+02:00The Peace Gun<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ReJ3RltihME" width="320" youtube-src-id="ReJ3RltihME"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div>
To understand why he doesn't turn the key, imagine the pistol has another barrel that points back at the shooter and also fires when he shoots. If every firearm had that double-barreled feature they - just like nukes - would (all else being equal) never be used. From my thinking.Blair Macdonaldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05795107163513936768noreply@blogger.com0