The gassy messenger: N2 and O2 are also greenhouse gases
Update May 2015
I have recently (and finally) published my findings:
Reinterpreting and Augmenting John Tyndall’s 1859 Greenhouse Gas Experiment with Thermoelectric Theory and Raman Spectroscopy
at: academia.edu/ and http://vixra.org/abs/1504.0165 .
Here is a YouTube presentation of my findings:
Reinterpreting and Augmenting John Tyndall’s 1859 Greenhouse Gas Experiment with Thermoelectric Theory and Raman Spectroscopy
at: academia.edu/ and http://vixra.org/abs/1504.0165 .
Abstract
Climate science's fundamental
premise – assumed
by all parties in the great climate debate – says the greenhouse
gases – constituting less than 2% of Earth’s atmosphere, first derived by
John Tyndall in his 1859 thermopile experiment and demonstrated graphically
today by infrared spectroscopy – are unique because of their IR (heat) absorbing
property. From this, it is – paradoxically – assumed the (remaining 98%) non-greenhouse gases N2 nitrogen
and O2 oxygen are non-heat absorbent. This paper reveals,
by elementary physics, the (deceptive) role thermopiles play in this paradox. It was found that for a special
group of substances – all sharing (at least one) electric dipole moment – i.e. CO2,
and the other greenhouse gases – thermopiles – via the thermoelectric (Seebeck) effect – generate electricity
from their radiated IR. Devices using the thermopile as a detector (e.g. IR
spectrographs) discriminate and have misinterpreted IR absorption for
anomalies of electricity production – between the sample gases and a control
heat source. N2 and O2 were found to have (as all
substances) predicted vibrational modes (derived by the Schrodinger quantum
equation) at 1556cm-1 and 2330cm-1, respectively – well within the IR range of the EM spectrum and are clearly
observed – as expected – with Raman Spectroscopy – IR spectroscopy’s complement
instrument. The non-greenhouse gases N2 and O2 are
relegated to greenhouse gases, and Earth’s atmospheric thermoelectric spectrum
was produced (formally IR spectrum) and was augmented with the Raman
observations. It was concluded the said greenhouse gases are not special but typical, and all substances have thermal absorption properties, as measured by their respective heat capacities.
Here is a YouTube presentation of my findings:
Original entry:
Why are N2 and O2 also greenhouse gases?
Using Raman Spectroscopy to re-determine the 'greenhouse gases'.
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (a complement to IR spectroscopy) challenges this greenhouse gas / non-greenhouse gas paradigm. It reveals that this assumption and conclusion, based on IR spectroscopy measurements, are false or incomplete. It can be shown that N2 and O2 absorption bands are by their nature - due to their symmetric vibration - totally transparent to all IR detectors, but are not transparent to Raman detectors and show an 'absorption' band in the mid-infrared. Ramon Spectroscopy shows CO2 and the other greenhouse gases as typical and not special as are N2 and O2. N2 and O2 are 'greenhouse gases'. If this premise is refuted, the question is: what are the greenhouse gases, and what is the greenhouse effect?
Background
In an
earlier entry, I catalogued where CO2's heat-trapping property should but doesn’t repeat. Having
found that CO2 doesn’t repeat (at least at any significant level to be
measurable or notable) I set out, to explain why CO2's heat-trapping doesn’t
repeat?: why is it that we think it does? My conclusion is disturbing: the foundation argument or premise of 'heat-trapping, climate changing, CO2 does not appear to be consistent with the related fundamental laws and textbook knowledge of physics, and Raman spectroscopy has been completely overlooked. I have found all of the foundation arguments can be (easily) challenged, just by studying these laws in detail. Inspired by the work of Galileo, I am
calling this entry ‘The Gassy Messenger’: I also thought of calling it after the mysterious dark energy and dark matter ‘the dark climate' and its 'dark gases’.
Introduction
Modern climate science's fundamental premise - by all parties in the great climate debate - is that the greenhouse gases (around 2% of the atmosphere) absorb radiant infrared (IR) heat (as derived by IR spectroscopy) and are (to some proponents) a main climate driver because of this unique property. This premise originates in the John Tyndall 1859 thermopile infrared gas analysis experiment. The (remaining) non-greenhouse gases (N2 nitrogen and O2 oxygen) are distinguished from the greenhouse gases by their inferred inability to absorb (infrared) heat - deduced from the same experiment. Modern practical application of Tyndall's apparatus, the thermopile, suggests he (and many scientists today) confused absorption with opacity - a property of light.Below is a typical reference to a greenhouse effect definition and typical atmospheric spectrograph:
Although Earth's atmosphere is 90% opaque to long-wave IR radiation, the vast majority of the atmosphere is not composed of gases that cause the greenhouse effect. Molecular nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) make up roughly 98% of our atmosphere, and neither is a greenhouse gas. So, although the greenhouse effect is very powerful, a very small fraction of Earth's atmospheric gases generate the effect.
Fig.4. Absorption of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation by various gases in the atmosphere. Most of the ultraviolet light (below 0.3 microns) is absorbed by ozone (O3) and oxygen (O2). Carbon dioxide has three large absorption bands in the infrared region at about 2.7, 4.3, and 15 microns. Water has several absorption bands in the infrared, and even has some absorption well into the microwave region. There is already sufficient CO2 in the atmosphere to absorb almost all of the radiation from the sun or from the surface of the earth in the principal CO2 absorption bands. (Data from ref. [1], page 93; original data are from Howard et al [21] and Goody [22]).
Below is a typical chemistry explanation as to why N2 and O2 are excluded:
N2 and O2 have no dipole, so they are not greenhouse gases.
Nitrogen (N2) is symmetrical AND made of identical atoms.Even with rotation or vibration, there is no unequal sharing of electrons between one N atom and the other. So N2 has no dipole, and an EM photon passes by without being absorbed. Similarly, for O2. reference
Yes, N2 and O2 are both transparent to IR spectroscopy, but this fact still begs the question: how can the atmosphere be warm if 98% of it (N2 and O2) are not IR (heat) ‘absorbent'? How can N2 and O2 be non-greenhouse gases, yet they have a heat capacity coefficient?
Something must be wrong with this conjecture. I have found that there is. In a complementary entry to this one, 'IR detectors are deceptive in wrong hands,' I learnt—just as the title says—that IR cameras and the like are deceptive to the unwary. To solve this paradox, an alternative measuring instrument or method other than IR spectroscopy must be sourced to reveal the true IR properties of N2 and O2 (and all other gases). Such an instrument does exist: Raman spectroscopy.
In this (following) entry I
shall: show - using both primary and secondary publications - that Raman Spectroscopy reveals the (total) atmosphere is made up of (only) greenhouse gases – i.e. that oxygen and nitrogen are also heat absorbent. I will show that CO2 is thermally typical and not at all special.
Raman spectroscopy.
Raman Spectroscopy is a known complement to IR spectroscopy for analysing the vibrational properties of substances: it ‘sees’ what IR spectroscopy can't. reference
The following clips explain Raman spectroscopy well. I suggest you play them more than once to yourself, as they are very insightful and offer the perfect solution to the dark climate paradox.
The following clips explain Raman spectroscopy well. I suggest you play them more than once to yourself, as they are very insightful and offer the perfect solution to the dark climate paradox.
Youtube clip on Raman spectroscopy
Youtube clip on IR vs Raman spectroscopy
Supporting References:
Why and Where Should I Use Raman? reference
Raman scattering is a spectroscopic technique that is complementary to infrared absorption spectroscopy. Raman offers several advantages over mid-IR and near-IR spectroscopy, including:
- Little or no sample preparation is required
- Water is a weak scatterer - no unique accessories are needed for measuring aqueous solutions
- Water and CO2 vapours are very weak scatterers - purging is unnecessary
- Inexpensive glass sample holders are ideal in most cases
- Fibre optics (up to 100's meters in length) can be used for remote analyses
- Since fundamental modes are measured, Raman bands can be easily related to chemical structure
- Raman spectra are "cleaner" than mid-IR spectra - Raman bands are narrower, and overtone and combination bands are generally weak
- The standard spectral range reaches well below 400 cm-1, making the technique ideal for both organic and inorganic species
- Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure bands of symmetric linkages which are weak in an infrared spectrum (e.g. -S-S-, -C-S-, -C=C-)
CO2 and Raman Spectroscopy
As shown in the above video clip CO2 has a predicted IR band that only shows with Raman Spectroscopy. This is supported by the following images/references. In the first the symmetric stretch at 1537 cm-1 is predicted 'B', and in the following image below, a 'cartoon' image clearly showing bands A, C and D of the IR (spectroscopy) spectrum, and in the lower cut, the 'green' Raman showing the band B.
http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/37183-Understanding-Infrared-and-Raman-Spectra-of-Pharmaceutical-Polymorphs/
N2 and O2 Raman Spectroscopy
Please read my update below after reading this section.
To confirm my hypothesis that N2 and O2 do have an absorption band, a primary experiment with a sample of the atmosphere should be conducted - using a Raman spectrograph machine, measuring for an N2 and O2 response in the IR region of the EM spectrum - or secondary research conducted, searching for research done on the atmosphere using Raman spectroscopy. In the absence of an experiment, secondary results were searched using a Google image search with the keywords Raman spectroscopy atmosphere. A positive image ('Fig. 11' below) was quickly found. This figure and its caption clearly come from an unrelated journal publication, but the image reveals what many others in the same search reveal - such as Heat Treating: Proceedings of the 16th Conference.Jon L. Dossett, Robert E. Luetje, 1996 page 228.
To confirm my hypothesis that N2 and O2 do have an absorption band, a primary experiment with a sample of the atmosphere should be conducted - using a Raman spectrograph machine, measuring for an N2 and O2 response in the IR region of the EM spectrum - or secondary research conducted, searching for research done on the atmosphere using Raman spectroscopy. In the absence of an experiment, secondary results were searched using a Google image search with the keywords Raman spectroscopy atmosphere. A positive image ('Fig. 11' below) was quickly found. This figure and its caption clearly come from an unrelated journal publication, but the image reveals what many others in the same search reveal - such as Heat Treating: Proceedings of the 16th Conference.Jon L. Dossett, Robert E. Luetje, 1996 page 228.
'Figure 11: Resonance Raman spectrum from outdoor measurement on nitro methane in vapor phase at an irradiation wavelength of 220 nm. The sample temperature was approximately 328 K, the outdoor temperature was 274 K, and the atmospheric pressure was about 755 Torr. The spectrum was accumulated during 1000 laser pulses.'http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijs/2012/158715/fig11/
Notable are the O2 and N2 peaks at wavenumbers 1556cm-1 and 2331cm-1, respectively. These wavenumbers correspond (after conversion) to wavelengths 6.43 microns and 4.29 microns, respectively, which are in the mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The image below (Fig. 18) shows the 1556 O2 and other peaks at higher wavelengths along the spectrum again.
Fig. 8. The image below (Fig. 18) shows the 1556 O2 and other peaks at higher wavelengths along the spectrum again.
UV Raman spectra are shown at 300 and 93 K in 18O2 atmosphere for the Fe/MFI sample exchanged with NaOH and then subsequently exchanged with NH4+ and reduced in hydrogen. At 300 K the band corresponding to peroxide oxygen increases and the band corresponding to superoxide decrease relative to their intensities at 93 K (51). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360056406510028
From these images, it can be concluded that N2 and O2 (and other gases) are infrared absorbent at the said wavelengths, and so are too greenhouse gases.
Other confirming secondary references:
Use of Raman Spectrography in gas analysis: Springer
Conception of a gas analyzer based on linear Raman spectroscopy:
Other confirming secondary references:
Use of Raman Spectrography in gas analysis: Springer
Conception of a gas analyzer based on linear Raman spectroscopy:
N2 and O2 vibration modes
To verify that the above observation is a predictable consequence or natural property of N2 and O2 - when analysed under Raman spectroscopy - a causal explanation of these 'peaks' had to be sourced. To do this, I had to show that the vibration mode for N2 and O2 is symmetrical. As the quote at the top of this section said, 'Nitrogen (N2) is symmetrical AND made of identical atoms' I had part of an answer, but with another Google search, I found the following direct answer to my question: what looks like Chemistry tutorial notes: Chemistry 362 Dr. Jean M. Standard
3 . Are the stretching modes of the diatomic molecules O2 and N2 infrared active? Why or why not?
Are the stretching modes of O2 and N2 Raman active? Why or why not?
The stretching mode of a homonuclear diatomic molecule does not lead to a change in the dipole moment of the molecule; hence, the stretching mode is not IR active.
The stretching mode of a homonuclear diatomic molecule does lead to a change in polarizability of the molecule; hence, the stretching mode is Raman active. Another way to consider this is that since O2 and N2 possess centers of symmetry, the stretching mode must be Raman active because it is IR inactive.reference
Conclusion
Both N2 and O2 are symmetrical by nature, and so will never show up in IR spectroscopy, but it will in Raman, as by a law of physics, unlike other molecules such as CO2 - which are both symmetrical and anti-symmetrical.If Raman spectroscopy was the only test we had to analyse the IR spectrum of substances, we could have equally concluded that N2 and O2 are the (only) greenhouse gases.
If this Raman spectroscopy discovery is found true by experiment, then the 2% (volume) of said greenhouse gases should be revised and relegated to 100% by adding N2 and O2 (and others if so). Any assumptions by any climate models, climate knowledge, or claims that the atmosphere consists of around 2 % (volume) special greenhouse gases will need to be reviewed—as said above.
Update 17-11-2013
I have been reviewing my observation and have since learnt that (and if I am not mistaken) a ’Raman shift wavenumber is not the same as a wavenumber. So, I may have got ahead of myself with my conclusion that the N2 Raman shift of 2331cm-1 (as shown in the figures below). In the name of science, I took down my entry; I do not aim to mislead. The shift corresponds ( after a correction to do with the excitation frequency of the laser) to a wavelength of 263nm, nowhere near the thought 4 microns (in the mid-infrared). I have also learnt that Raman cannot penetrate the mid and far IR. I would like to know if this is true? There must be a Raman absorption band for O2 and N2 somewhere in the IR range of the spectrum; otherwise, why do O2 and N2 have a specific heat capacity?
This is disappointing for me, but it still begs and has opened the question(s) that must be addressed:
- Why is Raman spectroscopy totally ignored when deriving the GHGs when N2 and O2 are Raman active, and the likes of CO2, CH4 and H2O are too?
- Why is it thought that IR spectroscopy is the complete picture when it is clearly discriminates out (by the exclusion principle) of symmetric vibrational and rotational modes?
With a knowledge of Raman and IR spectroscopy and the properties of light and substances, it is clear that the GHG and its GH theory are derived by cherry-picking only one side of the knowledge.
To add to this, I have learnt (and have many references to the fact) that the degrees of freedom and vibrational movements of molecules are secondary and accentually a smoke screen to the real elephant; the Specific Heat Capacity (SHC) of a substance. The SHC of a substance is derived from the degrees of freedom/ vibrational movements of a molecule. On the grounds of the SHC, CO2(0.8 no units) is nothing special relative to H2O vapour (2 ):, but this property again opens another cherry-picking opportunity - as substances with low SHCs heat faster when energized than those with higher, when in isolation.
Am I wrong?
I have a PhD in materials science and engineering and I know the answers to some of your questions about Raman Spectroscopy. Please give me your email address and i will try to answer your questions. My email is pshih0085@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteRegarding heat capacity: consider that not all heat transfer is radiative.
ReplyDeleteSure, but I've learnt more since this. All matter must radiate, if not it contradicts thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Also 'air' is a very poor conductor. Air, N2 O2 must radiate, and I have found it actually does, in the thermosphere where there is only radiation. Molecules of N2 and O2 are excited by the sun and 'heat up' - to temperatures (energies) of 2000 to 2500C. Good for the goose, good for the gander.
DeleteYou're wrong. N2 and O2 do not radiate IR. If they did, you wouldn't need to resort to Raman to detect their vibrational modes.
DeleteThe simple fact remains that O2 and N2 do not interact with IR light. They don't absorb it, they don't emit it.
Raman uses visible or UV lasers. The molecules do not absorb IR in the Raman experiments. You do not detect any emitted IR photons in Raman either, you simply detect inelastic scattering of your high-frequency UV/visible photons.
You cannot simply treat (dilute) gases as blackbodies. Their absorption and emission spectra don't look anything like a blackbody spectrum.
In terms of mathematical formalism, you are overlooking the factor of emissivity in the Stefan-Boltzmann law. For dilute gases near room temperature, this factor would be close to or exactly zero.
The fact that O2 absorbs radiation from the near and far infrared also makes it a contributor to global temperature. Surely not everything has to be specifically in the infrared range to cause warming. That's madness, no?
ReplyDelete